Bagardi Mara, Perego Manuela, Colombo Fabio M, Maffei Alessandra, Brambilla Paola G, Polli Michele, Camozzini Giorgio, Santilli Roberto A
Anicura Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Via G. Marconi n. 27, Samarate, VA, 21017, Italy.
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, Lodi, 26900, Italy.
Vet Res Commun. 2025 Jun 20;49(4):231. doi: 10.1007/s11259-025-10800-1.
In humans with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) late-phase depolarization and repolarization abnormalities, such as epsilon (ɛ) waves and T wave inversion (TWI), are commonly observed in right precordial leads (V1-V3). This myocardial disorder has also been described in Boxer and English bulldogs (EBs), but data on electrocardiographic alterations in these breeds are lacking. The objective of this study was to describe electrocardiographic abnormalities in EBs with ACM, comparing QRS complexes and T waves with ≤ 5-year-old EBs without phenotypic expression of the disease. This is a retrospective study including 59 EBs (37 with ACM-ACM group and 22 healthy-healthy group). Standard echocardiographic, and 12-lead electrocardiogram data were retrospectively analyzed. In all leads QRS complex, R-peak time (RPT), and R peak-end time (RPE) were evaluated. Terminal activation duration (TAD), TWI, and presence of ɛ wave, defined as a positive small spike wave in right limb (aVR) and right precordial (V1) leads, were evaluated and compared with echocardiographic measurements. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy group showed wider QRS complexes in all leads due to longer RPE (P < 0.05). The TAD in lead V1 was longer in ACM group (P < 0.001). The TWI and ɛ wave in ACM group were respectively present in 19% and 32%. Prolonged QRS complex and RPE in duration V1, the ɛ wave in lead aVR and V1, TWI and prolonged TAD in V1 were correlated with echocardiographic parameters defining right ventricular systolic function (P < 0.05). The presence of fragmented QRS complexes in limb and precordial leads, the prolongation of the RPE, the prolongation of TAD in V1, the presence of ɛ wave, can all be considered electrocardiographic features associated with ACM in EBs.
在致心律失常性心肌病（ACM）患者中，晚期去极化和复极化异常，如ε波和T波倒置（TWI），常见于右胸前导联（V1-V3）。这种心肌疾病在拳师犬和英国斗牛犬（EBs）中也有描述，但缺乏这些品种心电图改变的数据。本研究的目的是描述患有ACM的EBs的心电图异常，将QRS波群和T波与≤5岁且无该疾病表型表达的EBs进行比较。这是一项回顾性研究，纳入了59只EBs（37只患有ACM的为ACM组，22只健康的为健康组）。对标准超声心动图和12导联心电图数据进行回顾性分析。评估所有导联的QRS波群、R峰时间（RPT）和R峰结束时间（RPE）。评估终末激活持续时间（TAD）、TWI以及ε波（定义为右上肢导联（aVR）和右胸前导联（V1）中的正向小尖峰波），并与超声心动图测量结果进行比较。致心律失常性心肌病组所有导联的QRS波群更宽，原因是RPE更长（P<0.05）。ACM组V1导联的TAD更长（P<0.001）。ACM组中TWI和ε波的出现率分别为19%和32%。V1导联QRS波群和RPE持续时间延长、aVR和V1导联出现ε波、TWI以及V1导联TAD延长与定义右心室收缩功能的超声心动图参数相关（P<0.05）。肢体导联和胸前导联出现碎裂QRS波群、RPE延长、V1导联TAD延长、ε波的出现，均可被视为与EBs中ACM相关的心电图特征。
