Battheu Fiammetta, Clausi Cristina, Censi Simona, Mian Caterina
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy.
Endocrine. 2025 Jun 21. doi: 10.1007/s12020-025-04317-5.
The aim of this paper is to review the scientific evidence for the link between autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) and sex, and the plausible causes of the female prevalence in AITDs.
An extensive literature search of published articles was conducted using online search engines.
AITDs are more frequent in the female sex. Numerous studies have focused on the differences between males and females in their presentation of AITD and their response to therapy, sometimes with conflicting results. Several factors are considered to be responsible for the higher incidence of AITDs in females, crucial among which is the relationship between sex hormones and the immune system. In addition to hormones, there is also evidence that sex chromosomes, epigenetic factors, foetal microchimerism, the microbiota and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) play an important role in the predisposition of females to AITDs.
The prevalence of AITDs in the female sex appears to be attributable to numerous factors, the most important being the influence of sex hormones on the immune system.
本文旨在综述自身免疫性甲状腺疾病（AITD）与性别之间关联的科学证据，以及AITD女性患病率较高的可能原因。
使用在线搜索引擎对已发表文章进行广泛的文献检索。
AITD在女性中更为常见。许多研究聚焦于男性和女性在AITD表现及对治疗反应方面的差异，有时结果相互矛盾。有几个因素被认为是女性AITD发病率较高的原因，其中关键的是性激素与免疫系统之间的关系。除了激素外，也有证据表明性染色体、表观遗传因素、胎儿微嵌合体、微生物群和内分泌干扰化学物质（EDC）在女性易患AITD方面发挥重要作用。
AITD在女性中的患病率似乎归因于多种因素，其中最重要的是性激素对免疫系统的影响。
