Bloodstream infection by Lactobacillus rhamnosus in a haematology patient: why metagenomics can make the difference.

BACKGROUND

Bloodstream infections (BSIs) pose a persistent threat to hospitalized patients, particularly those who are immunocompromised and susceptible to infections caused by anaerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria. Alterations in gut microbiota composition can predispose individuals to intestinal domination by one or more pathobionts, increasing the risk of bacterial translocation into the bloodstream and subsequent bacteremia.

CASE PRESENTATION

We report the case of a 20-year-old female with multiple relapsed/refractory Philadelphia-negative B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, initially referred to our hematology center for CAR-T cell therapy. The patient ultimately underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which was complicated by infections, moderate-to-severe graft-versus-host disease, hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, and transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy, all contributing to a fatal outcome. Blood cultures obtained in the final week before the patient succumbed to multi-organ toxicity grew . A fecal sample collected concurrently for intestinal microbiota characterization revealed a marked predominance of (98.5%), with dominating at 47.9%, followed by (18.59%) and Staphylococcus (3.5%) at the genus level. We performed genomic comparison between the isolated from blood cultures and the best-matched strain detected in the intestinal microbiota.

CONCLUSIONS

We report the isolation of from blood cultures in a patient post hematopoietic cell transplantation, with genomic similarity to a gut-dominant strain. This case highlights the potential link between intestinal domination and subsequent bloodstream infection, supporting the value of gut microbiota profiling as an adjunctive tool for monitoring high-risk patients, such as hematopoietic cell transplant recipients.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13099-025-00722-3.