Şenel Kevser, Uzun Ismail, Alqawasmi Rawan
Endodontist, Ordu Central Dental Hospital, Ordu, Turkey.
Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
PLoS One. 2025 Jun 23;20(6):e0325431. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0325431. eCollection 2025.
Using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation solution at various temperatures is common for removing biofilms in root canals and the isthmus. Numerous studies have examined the impact of temperature on biofilm removal in extracted teeth. However, this study aimed to assess the effect of needle irrigation using NaOCl solution heated to different temperatures on the structure of E. faecalis biofilm in artificial teeth produced by 3D printing technology.
The isthmus in the mesial canals of 55 artificial tooth samples, which were produced from the 3D model obtained by micro-CT of the mandibular first molars, was evaluated. The standard strain E. faecalis ATCC 19433 was used to infect artificial tooth specimens. The samples were divided into a control group and four experimental groups receiving sodium hypochlorite solutions at 21°C, 45°C, 60°C, and 150°C. Following irrigation, scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging was conducted at varying magnifications to visualize the remaining biofilm areas in the root canals and the isthmus. The ImageJ program quantified biofilm areas in the isthmus region. Statistical analyses, including Shapiro-Wilks, Kruskal Wallis H, and t-tests, were conducted on the measurements. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The results did not differ between the control and 21 °C groups (p > 0.05). However, removal areas were larger in the 45°C, 60°C, and 150°C groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). No difference was observed in the biofilm removal efficiency in different isthmus regions (p > 0.05). The findings revealed that an increase in temperature enlarged the removal areas.
使用不同温度的次氯酸钠（NaOCl）冲洗液来去除根管和峡部的生物膜是很常见的。许多研究已经探讨了温度对拔除牙齿中生物膜去除的影响。然而，本研究旨在评估使用加热到不同温度的NaOCl溶液进行针管冲洗对3D打印技术制作的人工牙中粪肠球菌生物膜结构的影响。
对55个从下颌第一磨牙的微型CT获得的3D模型制作的人工牙样本的近中根管峡部进行评估。使用粪肠球菌标准菌株ATCC 19433感染人工牙标本。样本分为对照组和四个实验组，分别接受21°C、45°C、60°C和150°C的次氯酸钠溶液冲洗。冲洗后，在不同放大倍数下进行扫描电子显微镜（SEM）成像，以观察根管和峡部中剩余的生物膜区域。ImageJ程序对峡部区域的生物膜面积进行量化。对测量结果进行统计分析，包括Shapiro-Wilks检验、Kruskal Wallis H检验和t检验。p值<0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
对照组和21°C组的结果没有差异（p>0.05）。然而，45°C、60°C和150°C组的去除面积大于对照组（p<0.05）。不同峡部区域的生物膜去除效率没有差异（p>0.05）。研究结果表明，温度升高会扩大去除面积。
