Sánchez-Argüello Paloma, Martín-Esteban Antonio
Department of Environment and Agronomy, INIA-CSIC (National Institute for Agricultural Research and Technology-Spanish National Research Council), Carretera de A Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Environment and Agronomy, INIA-CSIC (National Institute for Agricultural Research and Technology-Spanish National Research Council), Carretera de A Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
Environ Res. 2025 Jun 21;284:122202. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.122202.
Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) have emerged over the last decade as a promising alternative to organic solvents. NADES are mixtures of two or more natural components interacting each other by hydrogen bonds to form a supramolecular mixture. Efforts have focused on demonstrating their lack of toxicity by studying the responses of different taxonomic groups. In this study, fish cells (RTG-2 line) and freshwater invertebrate embryos (Physa acuta) were used for the ecotoxicological assessment of seven choline chloride (ChCl)-based NADES. Three organic acids and four alcohols were used for the preparation of the NADES investigated. In a first step, the in vitro cytotoxicity of a single exposure to each NADES component, binary mixtures of their corresponding components and the prepared NADES were evaluated. The rank order of in vitro cytotoxicity of the individual components was: organic acids > ChCl > alcohols. NADES produced equal or lower cytotoxic effects than the corresponding mixtures, suggesting that NADES have their own toxicological behaviour, possibly supported by the maintenance of their supramolecular structure up to certain aqueous dilutions. Furthermore, the in vitro assessment showed that NADES prepared with acids were more cytotoxic than NADES prepared with alcohols, which was confirmed by the in vivo assessment. NADES prepared with acids produced embryo lethal effects from 0.025 % at short exposures (48h). For NADES prepared with alcohols embryo toxicity was found from 0.2 %. From our results, it can be concluded that ecotoxicological assessment can help in the selection of component combinations for the design of safe NADES.
在过去十年中，天然深共熔溶剂（NADES）已成为一种有前景的有机溶剂替代品。NADES是由两种或更多天然成分通过氢键相互作用形成的超分子混合物。人们通过研究不同分类群的反应，致力于证明其无毒。在本研究中，鱼细胞（RTG-2系）和淡水无脊椎动物胚胎（尖膀胱螺）被用于对七种基于氯化胆碱（ChCl）的NADES进行生态毒理学评估。三种有机酸和四种醇被用于制备所研究的NADES。第一步，评估了单次暴露于每种NADES成分、其相应成分的二元混合物以及制备好的NADES的体外细胞毒性。各成分体外细胞毒性的排序为：有机酸＞ChCl＞醇。NADES产生的细胞毒性效应等于或低于相应混合物，这表明NADES有其自身的毒理学行为，可能是由于其超分子结构在一定水稀释度下得以维持。此外，体外评估表明，用酸制备的NADES比用醇制备的NADES细胞毒性更大，这在体内评估中得到了证实。用酸制备的NADES在短时间暴露（48小时）时，从0.025%起就产生胚胎致死效应。对于用醇制备的NADES，在0.2%时发现有胚胎毒性。从我们的结果可以得出结论，生态毒理学评估有助于为设计安全的NADES选择成分组合。
