Bausch-Jurken Mary, Alter Galit
Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States.
Ragon Institute of Mass General Brigham, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.
Front Immunol. 2025 Jun 9;16:1588259. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1588259. eCollection 2025.
The global immune landscape of SARS-CoV-2 has progressively shifted from a naïve population several years ago to a population that possesses immunity to the virus through infection, vaccination, or a combination of both, known as hybrid immunity. Hybrid immunity offers a prolonged period of transmission-blocking activity, likely related to enhanced tissue-resident immunity, but also has been shown to be linked to broader humoral and cellular immune responses. Compared with vaccination or infection alone, the collective data have demonstrated that hybrid immunity offers enhanced protection against disease. Yet, despite the benefits of hybrid immunity, perpetual evolution of variants and the natural waning of immunity in vulnerable populations provides a strong rationale for revaccination. This article reviews the benefits of revaccination, including updating variant-specific immunity, bolstering humoral and cellular immune frequencies in those with hybrid immunity, and overcoming immune imprinting and enhancing effector mechanisms to raise surveillance and defense against the virus. As SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, updated booster vaccinations remain essential to enhance and sustain protection from disease by ensuring that the immune system is equipped to respond to contemporary strains, thereby reducing the impact of future outbreaks and mitigating the burden of COVID-19, especially among vulnerable populations.
新冠病毒的全球免疫格局已逐渐从几年前的未感染人群转变为通过感染、接种疫苗或两者结合而对该病毒具有免疫力的人群,即混合免疫。混合免疫提供了较长时间的传播阻断活性,这可能与增强的组织驻留免疫力有关,但也已证明与更广泛的体液和细胞免疫反应有关。与单独接种疫苗或感染相比,汇总数据表明混合免疫能提供更强的疾病防护。然而,尽管混合免疫有诸多益处,但病毒变体的不断进化以及易感人群免疫力的自然下降为再次接种疫苗提供了有力理由。本文综述了再次接种疫苗的益处,包括更新针对变体的免疫力、提高具有混合免疫人群的体液和细胞免疫频率,以及克服免疫印记并增强效应机制以加强对病毒的监测和防御。随着新冠病毒不断进化,持续更新加强针疫苗对于增强和维持疾病防护至关重要,通过确保免疫系统有能力应对当代毒株,从而减少未来疫情的影响并减轻新冠负担,尤其是在易感人群中。
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