Phyllodes tumors (PTs) are rare fibroepithelial breast neoplasms with a high propensity for local recurrence, particularly in borderline and malignant forms. Although wide local excision with negative margins is standard, the role of full-thickness chest wall resection (FTCWR) for PTs invading the chest wall remains unclear. This systematic review evaluated the outcomes of FTCWR in such cases, focusing on oncologic effectiveness and reconstruction. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus databases, and Google Scholar (up to the end of November 2024) identified 18 case reports describing 18 patients (mean age of 42.9 years) with locally invasive PTs. Most patients presented with large (>5 cm), recurrent malignant tumors fixed to the chest wall, with the largest measuring 38 cm. Median disease-free survival was 12 months (range: 1-60), with local recurrence in 5.6% and distant metastases in 22.2% of cases. Common complications included respiratory and wound-related issues. Despite the radical surgery, all patients achieved satisfactory cosmetic results. While FTCWR appears feasible and provides symptom relief and short-term disease control in select patients, the evidence remains limited to case reports. Its long-term oncologic benefit is still uncertain, and further research, including prospective studies and multi-center registries, is needed to elucidate its role in clinical practice.