Macías-González Juan, Granado-Gil Rebeca, Mendoza-González Lizbeth, Pedroza-Roldán Cesar, Alonso-Morales Rogelio, Realpe-Quintero Mauricio
Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Hospital Veterinario de Pequeñas Especies, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 45200, Mexico.
Laboratorio de Investigación en Ciencias Animales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 45200, Mexico.
Viruses. 2025 Jun 3;17(6):813. doi: 10.3390/v17060813.
Canine distemper is caused by a morbillivirus similar to others that affect livestock and humans. The increase in host range and its persistence in wildlife reservoirs complicate eradication considerably. Canine distemper virus has been reported in wildlife in Mexico since 2007. Dogs were previously considered the main reservoirs, but high vaccination coverage in the USA has helped control the disease, and racoons () are now recognized as the main reservoirs of the agent in the USA, since they live in high densities in urban environments (peridomestic), where contact with domestic and wildlife species is common. Racoons are now considered to spread CDV in wildlife species and zoo animals. Mexico is home to at least two wildlife species that have been reported as carriers of the CDV infection in studies in the USA. Raccoons and Coyotes are distributed in several Mexican states and could play the same reservoir role as for the US. In addition, the increase in non-traditional pets expands the availability of susceptible individuals to preserve CDV in domiciliary and peri-domiciliary environments, contributing to the spread of the disease. Combined with incomplete vaccination coverage in domestic canids, this could contribute to maintaining subclinical infections. Infected pets with incomplete vaccination schedules could also spread CDV to other canines or wildlife coexisting species. In controlled habitats, such as flora and fauna sanctuaries, protected habitats, zoo collections, etc., populations of wildlife species and stray dogs facilitate the spread of CDV infection, causing the spilling over of this infectious agent. Restricting domestic pets from wildlife habitats reduces the chance of spreading the infection. Regular epidemiological surveillance and specific wildlife conservation practices can contribute to managing threatened species susceptible to diseases like CDV. This may also facilitate timely interventions in companion animals which eventually minimize the impact of this disease in both scenarios. Aim: The review discusses the circulation of CDV in wildlife populations, and highlights the need for epidemiological surveillance in wildlife, particularly in endangered wildlife species from Mexico. Through an extensive review of recent scientific literature about CDV disease in wildlife that has been published in local and international databases, the findings were connected with the current needs of information from a local to global perspective, and conclusions were made to broaden the context of Mexican epidemiological scenarios as closely related to the neighboring regions.
犬瘟热由一种与影响家畜和人类的其他病毒类似的麻疹病毒引起。宿主范围的扩大及其在野生动物宿主中的持续存在使得根除工作变得相当复杂。自2007年以来，墨西哥野生动物中已报告有犬瘟热病毒。狗曾被认为是主要宿主，但美国较高的疫苗接种覆盖率有助于控制该病，现在浣熊被认为是美国该病原体的主要宿主，因为它们在城市环境（周边地区）中高密度生活，在那里与家养和野生动物物种接触很常见。现在认为浣熊会在野生动物物种和动物园动物中传播犬瘟热病毒。墨西哥至少有两种野生动物物种在美国的研究中被报告为犬瘟热病毒感染的携带者。浣熊和郊狼分布在墨西哥的几个州，可能发挥与美国相同的宿主作用。此外，非传统宠物数量的增加扩大了易感染个体在家庭和周边环境中维持犬瘟热病毒的可能性，导致疾病传播。再加上家犬疫苗接种覆盖率不完整，这可能导致亚临床感染持续存在。疫苗接种计划不完整的感染宠物也可能将犬瘟热病毒传播给其他犬类或共存的野生动物物种。在受控制的栖息地，如动植物保护区、受保护栖息地、动物园等，野生动物物种和流浪狗的种群促进了犬瘟热病毒感染的传播，导致这种传染源的溢出。限制家养宠物进入野生动物栖息地可减少感染传播的机会。定期的流行病学监测和特定的野生动物保护措施有助于管理易感染犬瘟热等疾病的濒危物种。这也可能有助于及时对伴侣动物进行干预，最终在两种情况下将这种疾病的影响降至最低。目的：本综述讨论了犬瘟热病毒在野生动物种群中的传播情况，并强调了对野生动物，特别是来自墨西哥的濒危野生动物物种进行流行病学监测的必要性。通过广泛回顾在本地和国际数据库中发表的关于野生动物中犬瘟热病毒病的最新科学文献，从地方到全球的角度将研究结果与当前的信息需求联系起来，并得出结论以拓宽与邻近地区密切相关的墨西哥流行病学情况的背景。
