Gonal Basavaraj Neelappa, Dalbanjan Nagarjuna Prakash, Kadapure Arihant Jayawant, Shubham K R, Praveen Kumar S K, Arakera Suresh B
Department of Applied Genetics, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580003, India.
Department of Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580003, India.
Indian J Med Microbiol. 2025 Jul-Aug;56:100908. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100908. Epub 2025 Jun 26.
Vaccines have proven to be one of the most effective tools for controlling infectious diseases worldwide, significantly lowering illness and death rates caused by various pathogens. However, the emergence of new and re-emerging infectious diseases highlights the critical need for advanced vaccine technologies that can respond to dynamic, evolving health threats.
This review examines recent advances in vaccine science, with a particular emphasis on the development of next-generation platforms such as mRNA and viral vector-based vaccines, as well as advancements in formulation and delivery systems. These advances have helped overcome immune escape mechanisms, which pathogens use to avoid immune detection and reduce vaccine efficacy. The review provides an historical perspective showing how each breakthrough has influenced current strategies, such as those used during the COVID-19 pandemic, and how cumulative progress has shaped today's rapid vaccine development and deployment capabilities.
Lessons from recent vaccine innovations, combined with historical perspectives, point to a bright future in which pathogen-specific vaccine designs, personalized immune responses, and global access will all play important roles in public health. Together, these findings lay the groundwork for future progress in pandemic preparedness and global health security.
疫苗已被证明是全球控制传染病最有效的工具之一，显著降低了由各种病原体引起的疾病和死亡率。然而，新出现和重新出现的传染病凸显了对先进疫苗技术的迫切需求，这些技术能够应对动态演变的健康威胁。
本综述探讨了疫苗科学的最新进展，特别强调了下一代平台的开发，如基于mRNA和病毒载体的疫苗，以及制剂和递送系统的进展。这些进展有助于克服病原体用来避免免疫检测并降低疫苗效力的免疫逃逸机制。该综述提供了一个历史视角，展示了每一项突破如何影响当前策略，如在新冠疫情期间使用的策略，以及累积进展如何塑造了当今快速的疫苗开发和部署能力。
近期疫苗创新的经验教训，结合历史视角来看，预示着一个光明的未来，其中病原体特异性疫苗设计、个性化免疫反应和全球可及性都将在公共卫生中发挥重要作用。这些发现共同为大流行防范和全球卫生安全的未来进展奠定了基础。
