Design of nano charcoal by reshaping inflammatory microenvironment as biofunctional wound nanomedicine.

Hemorrhagic wound management in severe trauma patients remains a vital clinical problem because of uncontrolled bleeding and inflammatory responses. Charcoal drugs have shown great potential for facilitating hemostasis and wound repair for more than two thousand years. Nevertheless, studies on the inherent biological activities of charcoal drugs and their corresponding pharmacological effects are far from satisfactory. Herein, a novel carbon dot prepared from charred (CMF-CDs) for enhancing hemorrhagic wound healing was reported for the first time. Surprisingly, the as-prepared CMF-CDs showed good biocompatibility, reactive oxygen species scavenging ability and protection of human cells from oxidative damage. Inspired by this, we confirmed that CMF-CDs enhanced hemorrhagic wound healing by facilitating hemostasis, M2-type macrophage polarization, angiogenesis, collagen deposition and tissue regeneration. Proteomic results further revealed that the CMF-CDs reshaped the inflammatory microenvironment of the wound by reducing excessive ROS produced by tissue oxidative phosphorylation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolic pathway. Ultimately, the discovery of CMF-CDs holds enormous promise for managing severe traumatic wounds and provides theoretical and material insights into charcoal drug-mediated hemostasis applications.