Singh Km Madhuri, Baksi Sonali, Rani Sangeeta, Jha Ambuj Bhushan, Dubey Rama Shanker, Sharma Pallavi
School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Sector-30, Gandhinagar, 382030, Gujarat, India.
School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Sector-30, Gandhinagar, 382030, Gujarat, India.
Plant Physiol Biochem. 2025 Jun 23;228:110193. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110193.
Salinity and drought stress are major threats to food security globally. Although they are diverse in nature, they exhibit several similar adverse physiological, biochemical, and molecular effects on plants. One of the possible solutions to mitigate these stresses is the enhancement of the concentration of glycine betaine (GB), an amphoteric compound in plants. GB is a molecular and chemical chaperone whose action causes cell adaptation to stress through ion homeostasis, maintenance of membrane integrity, photosynthesis continuation, antioxidant defense, osmolyte production, relative water content, perception of stress signals, and control of gene expression. While some plants constitutively increase GB levels in response to stress, the quantity is usually too low to counteract damage caused by salt stress and drought. Additionally, some important crops do not accumulate GB in response to stress at all. Exogenous GB application has been proven to be promising in modulating salt and drought stress resistance, but uptake and stability limitations necessitate innovative delivery systems. Recent developments in nanotechnology have introduced glycine betaine-loaded nanoparticles (GB-loaded NPs), enabling targeted and controlled release of GB and enhancing plant resistance. Various studies have documented the effective use of GB-loaded NPs in enhancing plant survival and crop yield during salt and drought stress. Further research is needed to assess how GB-loaded NPs concentrations and characteristics influence plant responses across species and environments. Understanding their long-term impacts and ecotoxicological risks, alongside implementing regulatory frameworks for GB-loaded NPs, is vital for sustainable agricultural use.
盐度和干旱胁迫是全球粮食安全面临的主要威胁。尽管它们本质不同，但对植物表现出一些相似的不利生理、生化和分子影响。减轻这些胁迫的一种可能解决方案是提高植物中两性化合物甘氨酸甜菜碱（GB）的浓度。GB是一种分子和化学伴侣，其作用通过离子稳态、维持膜完整性、持续光合作用、抗氧化防御、渗透调节剂产生、相对含水量、应激信号感知和基因表达控制，使细胞适应胁迫。虽然一些植物在受到胁迫时会组成性地提高GB水平，但数量通常过低，无法抵消盐胁迫和干旱造成的损害。此外，一些重要作物在受到胁迫时根本不会积累GB。已证明外源施用GB在调节抗盐和抗旱胁迫方面具有前景，但吸收和稳定性限制需要创新的递送系统。纳米技术的最新进展引入了负载甘氨酸甜菜碱的纳米颗粒（GB负载的纳米颗粒），能够实现GB的靶向和控释并增强植物抗性。各种研究记录了GB负载的纳米颗粒在盐胁迫和干旱胁迫期间有效提高植物存活率和作物产量的情况。需要进一步研究来评估GB负载的纳米颗粒浓度和特性如何影响不同物种和环境下的植物反应。了解它们的长期影响和生态毒理学风险，同时为GB负载的纳米颗粒实施监管框架，对于可持续农业利用至关重要。
