Diet and environment drive the convergence of gut microbiome in wild-released giant pandas and forest musk deer.

Reintroduction is important for recovering endangered species, and gut microbiome is crucial for successful wildlife reintroduction. This study utilized 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing of 791 fecal samples to examine the gut microbial changes in giant pandas () and forest musk deer () across captivity, semi-release, and release stages. Our results revealed a similar transitional pattern in the gut microbiome of both species, with semi-release stage displaying an intermediate state between captive and wild microbiome. We also observed that both species are enriched in and functional pathways related to amino acid metabolism, ATP-binding cassette transporters, and acetyl-CoA/propionyl-CoA carboxylase. Furthermore, the SourceTracker analysis indicated putative contributions of plant and soil microbiome to the gut microbiome of forest musk deer. These findings suggest that similar herbivorous diets and same environment may contribute to the convergence of gut microbiome. In conclusion, our study provides valuable insights for reintroducing endangered wildlife.