Rautenschlein Silke, Schat K A, Saif Y M
Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany,
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
Avian Dis. 2025 Jun;69(2):134-145. doi: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00095.
Major progress has been achieved since the first historical review of infectious bursal disease (H. N. Lasher and V. S. Davis, Vol. 41, pp. 11-19; 1997), much of it between 1977 and 2005. Significant findings in the 1980s were the presence of serotype 2 of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and the diversity of antigenic and immunogenic types of IBDV. In the late 1980s, very virulent IBDV strains emerged and became widespread in many countries by the late 1990s. Soon after the discovery of the antigenic variants, specific commercial vaccines were developed and used successfully in the field. The structure of the virus was discovered, which led to the elucidation of virus genes being responsible for some of the virus' biological functions, including immunogenicity. A consequence of these findings was the development of a new class of recombinant vaccines, which were commercially licensed. Reverse genetics became another tool for virus characterization. The development of monoclonal antibodies allowed the identification of immunoglobulin M positive (IgM+) B cells as the major target cells for infection. A role of macrophages and T cells in IBDV pathogenesis and pathology of the bursa of Fabricius was suggested. New tools for serology and virus identification-ELISA and reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR, respectively-provided new insights in the epidemiology. The widespread use of ELISA kits facilitated the use of vaccines in the face of maternally derived antibodies against IBDV, allowing the determination of time of vaccine breakthrough and therefore vaccine administration.
自首次对传染性法氏囊病进行历史性综述以来（H. N. 拉舍和V. S. 戴维斯，第41卷，第11 - 19页；1997年）已取得了重大进展，其中大部分进展发生在1977年至2005年之间。20世纪80年代的重要发现是传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）血清型2的存在以及IBDV抗原和免疫原类型的多样性。20世纪80年代后期，超强毒IBDV毒株出现，并在20世纪90年代后期在许多国家广泛传播。在发现抗原变异体后不久，就开发出了特定的商业疫苗并在实际应用中取得成功。病毒的结构被发现，这使得负责病毒某些生物学功能（包括免疫原性）的病毒基因得以阐明。这些发现的一个结果是开发出了一类新的重组疫苗，这些疫苗已获得商业许可。反向遗传学成为病毒特征鉴定的另一种工具。单克隆抗体的开发使得免疫球蛋白M阳性（IgM +）B细胞被确定为主要感染靶细胞。有人提出巨噬细胞和T细胞在IBDV发病机制及法氏囊病理过程中发挥作用。血清学和病毒鉴定的新工具——分别为酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）和逆转录酶（RT）聚合酶链反应（PCR）——为流行病学提供了新的见解。ELISA试剂盒的广泛使用有助于在存在母源抗IBDV抗体的情况下使用疫苗，从而能够确定疫苗突破时间并进而确定疫苗接种时间。
