Fathian-Nasab Mohammad-Hosein, Manavi Mohammad-Amin, Gelivarisarshari Mohadeseh, Daghighi Seyed-Mojtaba, Beyer Cordian, Baeeri Maryam, Sanadgol Nima
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2025 Nov;255:114909. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114909. Epub 2025 Jul 1.
The development of nanoparticles (NPs) has been a result of the expanding applications of nanotechnology, which play crucial roles in diagnostics, treatments, and theranostics within medical sciences. Despite their promising applications in medicine and industry, NPs can cross blood-organ barriers, resulting in structural and functional disruptions in the affected organs. Gaining insight into how NPs interact with biological barriers is crucial for reducing potential threats to human health. This study seeks to clarify the key mechanisms through which NPs cause toxicity and to investigate their harmful effects on organs (including the brain, testes, fetus, eyes, and lungs) after penetrating their respective biological barriers. We reviewed existing reports in this area and found that the toxic effects of nanoparticles such as titanium dioxide, poly(amidoamine) dendrimers, cerium oxide, copper, and zinc oxide on blood barriers have been studied more extensively than other NPs. Our results provide valuable insights into the potentially toxic effects of NPs on blood barriers and highlight key molecular pathways involved, such as inflammation, redox imbalance, genotoxicity, organelle dysfunction, and tight junction dysfunction in this process. We emphasize the urgent need for future research to focus on developing safer and more effective NP-based therapies (particularly for sensitive organs such as the brain and eyes) by extending our understanding of the mechanisms underlying their toxicity. Our findings offer important evidence for researchers, pharmaceutical companies, and regulatory agencies, encouraging them to develop clear guidelines and regulations for the safe use and disposal of nanoparticles in health-related applications.
纳米颗粒（NPs）的发展是纳米技术应用不断扩展的结果，纳米技术在医学科学的诊断、治疗和诊疗中发挥着关键作用。尽管纳米颗粒在医学和工业中有着广阔的应用前景，但它们能够穿过血-器官屏障，导致受影响器官的结构和功能破坏。深入了解纳米颗粒与生物屏障的相互作用方式对于降低对人类健康的潜在威胁至关重要。本研究旨在阐明纳米颗粒产生毒性的关键机制，并研究其穿透各自生物屏障后对器官（包括大脑、睾丸、胎儿、眼睛和肺）的有害影响。我们回顾了该领域的现有报告，发现二氧化钛、聚（酰胺胺）树枝状大分子、氧化铈、铜和氧化锌等纳米颗粒对血屏障的毒性作用比其他纳米颗粒的研究更为广泛。我们的结果为纳米颗粒对血屏障的潜在毒性作用提供了有价值的见解，并突出了此过程中涉及的关键分子途径，如炎症、氧化还原失衡、基因毒性、细胞器功能障碍和紧密连接功能障碍。我们强调，未来研究迫切需要通过扩展对纳米颗粒毒性潜在机制的理解，专注于开发更安全、更有效的基于纳米颗粒的疗法（特别是针对大脑和眼睛等敏感器官）。我们的研究结果为研究人员、制药公司和监管机构提供了重要证据，鼓励他们制定关于纳米颗粒在健康相关应用中的安全使用和处置的明确指导方针和法规。
