Rey Ana I, Higueras Cristina, Olmeda Patricia, Sainz Angel, Gálvez Beatriz G, Larrosa Mar
Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n., 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n., 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Animals (Basel). 2025 Jun 30;15(13):1927. doi: 10.3390/ani15131927.
Chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIEs) in companion animals represent a group of idiopathic, immune-mediated gastrointestinal disorders in which the intestinal epithelium can be altered, affecting intestinal functionality, nutrient absorption, and microbiota composition. This review presents an overview of markers that could be used for the assessment of intestinal health, focusing extensively on functional biomarkers, with particular attention to fatty acids (including short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs) and amino acids. Studies have consistently shown reduced concentrations of SCFAs in companion animals with CIEs compared to healthy groups. These alterations occur with varying intensity depending on the type of enteropathy. Alterations in saturated, monounsaturated, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have also been reported in blood and feces, particularly in omega-3 and omega-6 derivatives, as well as in the elongase and desaturase indices responsible for endogenous synthesis. In addition, amino acids serve as precursors to key metabolites involved in mucosal immunity, oxidative stress regulation, and microbial homeostasis. In CIEs, alterations in systemic and fecal amino acid profiles have been observed, reflecting both host metabolic adaptation and microbial dysbiosis. Integrating fatty acid and amino acid profiles can help distinguish different types of enteropathies, providing additional discriminatory power for determining response to dietary treatment. Future research should aim to elucidate the causal relationships between metabolic alterations and disease pathogenesis, which could lead to novel dietary interventions targeting metabolic interactions between the microbiota and the host.
伴侣动物的慢性炎症性肠病（CIEs）是一组特发性、免疫介导的胃肠道疾病，其中肠道上皮会发生改变，影响肠道功能、营养吸收和微生物群组成。本综述概述了可用于评估肠道健康的标志物，重点广泛介绍了功能性生物标志物，尤其关注脂肪酸（包括短链脂肪酸，SCFAs）和氨基酸。研究一致表明，与健康组相比，患有CIEs的伴侣动物体内SCFAs浓度降低。这些改变的强度因肠病类型而异。血液和粪便中也报告了饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和长链多不饱和脂肪酸的改变，特别是在ω-3和ω-6衍生物以及负责内源性合成的延长酶和去饱和酶指数方面。此外，氨基酸是参与黏膜免疫、氧化应激调节和微生物稳态的关键代谢物的前体。在CIEs中，已观察到全身和粪便氨基酸谱的改变，这反映了宿主代谢适应和微生物失调。整合脂肪酸和氨基酸谱有助于区分不同类型的肠病，为确定饮食治疗反应提供额外的鉴别能力。未来的研究应旨在阐明代谢改变与疾病发病机制之间的因果关系，这可能会导致针对微生物群与宿主之间代谢相互作用的新型饮食干预措施。
