Zhu Wei, Guo Jianjun, Li Xin, Li Yan, Song Lianjie, Li Yunfei, Feng Baoshan, Bao Xingnan, Li Jianguo, Gao Yanxia, Xu Hongjian
College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China.
Chengde Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengde 067000, China.
Animals (Basel). 2025 Jul 3;15(13):1959. doi: 10.3390/ani15131959.
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of gallic acid (GA) on nutrient degradability, gas production, rumen fermentation, and the microbial community and its functions using in vitro fermentation methods. An in vitro experiment was conducted to test GA dose levels (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/g DM) in the cow's diet. Based on the results of nutrient degradability, gas production, and rumen fermentation, the control group (0 mg/g DM, CON) and the GA group (10 mg/g DM, GA) were selected for metagenomic analysis to further explore the microbial community and its functions. The degradability of dry matter and crude protein, as well as total gas production, CH production, CH/total gas, CO production, and CO/total gas, decreased quadratically ( < 0.05) with increasing GA doses, reaching their lowest levels at the 10 mg/g DM dose. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) ( = 0.004), acetate ( = 0.03), and valerate ( = 0.03) exhibited quadratic decreases, while butyrate ( = 0.0006) showed a quadratic increase with increasing GA doses. The 10 mg/g DM dose group had the lowest levels of total VFA, acetate, and valerate, and the highest butyrate level compared to the other groups. The propionate ( = 0.03) and acetate-to-propionate ratio ( = 0.03) linearly decreased with increasing gallic acid inclusion. At the bacterial species level, GA supplementation significantly affected ( < 0.05) a total of 38 bacterial species. Among these, 29 species, such as , , and , were less abundant in the GA group, while 9 species, including and , were significantly more abundant in the GA group. At the archaeal species level, the relative abundances of , , and sp. were significantly reduced ( < 0.05) by GA supplementation. Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, Starch and sucrose metabolism, Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis, and Pyruvate metabolismwere significantly enriched in the GA group ( < 0.05). Additionally, Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism was also significantly enriched in the GA group ( < 0.05). GA use could potentially be an effective strategy for methane mitigation; however, further research is needed to assess its in vivo effects in dairy cows over a longer period.
本研究的目的是使用体外发酵方法评估没食子酸（GA）对营养物质降解率、气体产生量、瘤胃发酵以及微生物群落及其功能的影响。进行了一项体外实验，以测试奶牛日粮中GA的剂量水平（0、5、10、20和40 mg/g干物质）。根据营养物质降解率、气体产生量和瘤胃发酵的结果，选择对照组（0 mg/g干物质，CON）和GA组（10 mg/g干物质，GA）进行宏基因组分析，以进一步探索微生物群落及其功能。随着GA剂量的增加，干物质和粗蛋白的降解率以及总产气量、CH产生量、CH/总气体、CO产生量和CO/总气体呈二次下降（P<0.05），在10 mg/g干物质剂量时达到最低水平。总挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）（P = 0.004）、乙酸（P = 0.03）和戊酸（P = 0.03）呈二次下降，而丁酸（P = 0.0006）随着GA剂量的增加呈二次增加。与其他组相比，10 mg/g干物质剂量组的总VFA、乙酸和戊酸水平最低，丁酸水平最高。丙酸（P = 0.03）和乙酸与丙酸的比值（P = 0.03）随着没食子酸添加量的增加呈线性下降。在细菌物种水平上，添加GA显著影响（P<0.05）总共38种细菌。其中，29种，如……，在GA组中的丰度较低，而9种，包括……，在GA组中的丰度显著更高。在古细菌物种水平上，GA添加显著降低（P<0.05）了……、……和……的相对丰度。氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、糖酵解/糖异生以及丙酮酸代谢在GA组中显著富集（P<0.05）。此外，丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢在GA组中也显著富集（P<0.05）。使用GA可能是一种有效的缓解甲烷排放的策略；然而，需要进一步研究以评估其在较长时间内对奶牛的体内影响。
