Well-Child Visits and Immunization Encounters in South Carolina Medicaid: A 3-Year Retrospective Comparison Between Rural and Urban Children with a History of Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome, 2006-2014.

This retrospective cohort study compared well-child visits (WCVs) and immunization encounters from birth to age three among rural and urban South Carolina (SC) Medicaid-enrolled children with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). We applied logistic and Poisson regression models to examine associations between rural status and the number of WCVs, WCV adherence, and immunization encounters. : The sample included 833 urban and 161 rural children with NOWS born between 2006 and 2014. Significant differences existed between groups in the number of WCVs and immunization encounters each year from birth to age three ( = < 0.01 for all the comparisons). After covariate adjustment, rural compared to urban status was associated with decreased WCVs from birth to 11 months (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.85; 95% CI: 0.77-0.93) and 12 to 23 months (IRR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.69-0.93). Rural status was not significantly associated with decreased WCVs from 24 to 35 months (IRR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.63-1.03). Rural compared to urban status was associated with a 34% lower odds of WCV adherence from 12 to 23 months (odds ratio (OR): 0.66; 95% CI: 0.44-0.99). Furthermore, rural compared to urban status was associated with decreased immunization encounters from birth to 11 months (IRR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.52-0.69), 12 to 23 months (IRR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.50-0.71), and 24 to 35 months (IRR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.40-0.76). Rurality was associated with decreased WCVs and immunization encounters among children with a history of NOWS residing in SC. Policy interventions, including telehealth services and expanded Medicaid access, could improve WCV and immunization rates among these children.