Metal-Based Nanoparticles with Biostimulatory Effects: Harnessing Nanotechnology for Enhanced Agricultural Sustainability.

The application of nanoparticles in agriculture has garnered significant attention due to their potential to enhance plant growth, resistance to stress, and overall productivity. Nanoparticles can trigger physiological and biochemical changes in plants, promoting growth under both optimal and suboptimal environmental conditions. This review explores the mechanisms by which nanoparticles interact with plants, focusing on their role in improving nutrient uptake, stimulating growth, enhancing stress tolerance, and modulating plant metabolic pathways. Furthermore, it examines metal-based nanoparticles that have shown promising biostimulatory effects, their synthesis methods, and their applications in different agricultural systems. Despite the promising results, challenges remain, such as toxicity, environmental impact, and regulatory hurdles, which are crucial for the safe integration of nanoparticles into agricultural practices. The present review article aims to provide a brief overview of the current state of research on nanoparticle-based plant growth enhancers, and their potential to revolutionize sustainable agriculture.