Khan Muhammad S, Nasiripour Somayyeh, Bopassa Jean C
Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Jul 3;26(13):6416. doi: 10.3390/ijms26136416.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is considered the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide; treating this disease remains quite challenging. Environmental and genetic factors may play a role in the pathophysiology of PD. α-synuclein aggregation, oxidative stress, ferroptosis, mitochondrial failure, neuroinflammation, and gut dysbiosis are among the known risk factors of PD. The pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease is complicated by the interconnections between these molecular pathways, which also present significant obstacles to treatment development. However, due to its complex mechanism and long latency, PD is difficult to diagnose and detect, which presents a barrier to treatment. In addition, the need to develop new treatments for PD is increased by the fact that the majority of traditional therapeutic methods have major side effects and limited effects. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying PD is required. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current landscape of PD pathophysiology, paying particular attention to the molecular processes of PD, as well as the traditional research models, clinical diagnostic standards, documented medication therapeutic approaches, and recently disclosed drug candidates in clinical trials. We also highlighted the herbal-derived components that have recently been identified for their effects in the treatment of PD to provide a review and perspectives for the development of the next generation of drugs and preparations for the treatment of PD.
帕金森病（PD）被认为是全球第二常见的神经退行性疾病；治疗这种疾病仍然颇具挑战性。环境和遗传因素可能在帕金森病的病理生理学中发挥作用。α-突触核蛋白聚集、氧化应激、铁死亡、线粒体功能障碍、神经炎症和肠道菌群失调是帕金森病已知的风险因素。这些分子途径之间的相互联系使帕金森病的病理生理学变得复杂，这也给治疗方法的开发带来了重大障碍。然而，由于其机制复杂且潜伏期长，帕金森病难以诊断和检测，这成为了治疗的障碍。此外，大多数传统治疗方法存在严重副作用且效果有限，这增加了开发帕金森病新治疗方法的必要性。因此，需要更深入地了解帕金森病的基本机制。本综述全面分析了帕金森病病理生理学的现状，特别关注帕金森病的分子过程，以及传统研究模型、临床诊断标准、已记录的药物治疗方法和最近在临床试验中披露的候选药物。我们还强调了最近发现的具有治疗帕金森病作用的草药衍生成分，为下一代帕金森病治疗药物和制剂的开发提供综述和展望。
