Sebastiani Giada, Raggi Paolo, Guaraldi Giovanni
Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Can J Cardiol. 2025 Jul 10. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2025.06.075.
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, affecting 1 in 3 adults and driven by the rising incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. MASLD is also a significant contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in people with MASLD, often preceding liver complications. In this review, we outline the epidemiology and shared pathophysiologic mechanisms of MASLD with cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, we present a compelling case for integrating cardiac rehabilitation (CR) into MASLD care to address the shared metabolic and inflammatory drivers of both conditions. Evidence from recent clinical trials and guidelines supports the need for holistic, multidisciplinary strategies, including exercise, diet, and pharmacotherapy. CR is no longer solely a post-cardiac event intervention, but an opportunity for proactive cardiometabolic risk reduction in MASLD patients, especially those with fibrosis or type 2 diabetes. Incorporating MASLD into CR programs can facilitate early identification of high-risk individuals and deliver integrated care targeting both liver and cardiovascular outcomes. Cardiologists, hepatologists, and primary care providers must recognize MASLD as a cardiometabolic risk enhancer and consider CR referral, even before overt cardiovascular events occur. CR may be a critical yet underutilized opportunity to modify cardiovascular- and liver-related outcomes in people with MASLD.
代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病(MASLD)是全球最常见的慢性肝病,每3名成年人中就有1人受其影响,且受肥胖症和2型糖尿病发病率上升的驱动。MASLD也是心血管疾病发病率和死亡率的重要促成因素。心血管疾病仍然是MASLD患者的主要死因,通常先于肝脏并发症出现。在本综述中,我们概述了MASLD与心血管疾病的流行病学及共同的病理生理机制。此外,我们提出了一个令人信服的理由,即将心脏康复(CR)纳入MASLD护理中,以解决这两种疾病共同的代谢和炎症驱动因素。近期临床试验和指南的证据支持采用包括运动、饮食和药物治疗在内的全面、多学科策略的必要性。CR不再仅仅是心脏事件后的干预措施,而是降低MASLD患者心血管代谢风险的一个积极机会,尤其是那些患有肝纤维化或2型糖尿病的患者。将MASLD纳入CR项目可以促进对高危个体的早期识别,并提供针对肝脏和心血管结局的综合护理。心脏病专家、肝病专家和初级保健提供者必须认识到MASLD是一种心血管代谢风险增强因素,并考虑在明显的心血管事件发生之前就推荐患者接受CR。CR可能是改善MASLD患者心血管和肝脏相关结局的一个关键但未得到充分利用的机会。