Pawley A D, Mayer J S, Medda J, Brandt G A, Agnew-Blais J C, Asherson P, Rommel A-S, Ramos-Quiroga J A, Palacio Sanchez J, Bergsma D, Buitelaar J K, Ortega F B, Muntaner-Mas A, Grimm O, Reif A, Freitag C M, Kuntsi J
Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Neurosci Appl. 2024 Jan 28;3:103941. doi: 10.1016/j.nsa.2024.103941. eCollection 2024.
Beyond well-established difficulties with working memory in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), evidence is emerging that other memory processes may also be affected. We investigated, first, which memory processes show differences in adults and adolescents with ADHD in comparison to control participants, focusing on working and short-term memory, initial learning, interference, delayed and recognition memory. Second, we investigated whether ADHD severity, co-occurring depressive symptoms, IQ and physical fitness are associated with the memory performance in the individuals with ADHD. We assessed 205 participants with ADHD (mean age 25.8 years, SD 7.99) and 50 control participants (mean age 21.1 years, SD 5.07) on cognitive tasks including the digit span forward (DSF) and backward (DSB), the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), and the vocabulary and matrix reasoning subtests of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. Participants with ADHD were additionally assessed on ADHD severity, depression symptoms and cardiorespiratory fitness. A series of regressions were run, with sensitivity analyses performed when variables were skewed. ADHD-control comparisons were significant for DSF, DSB, delayed and recognition memory, with people with ADHD performing less well than the control participants. The result for recognition memory was no longer significant in sensitivity analysis. Memory performance was not associated with greater ADHD or depression symptoms severity. IQ was positively associated with all memory variables except DSF. Cardiorespiratory fitness was negatively associated with the majority of RAVLT variables. Individuals with ADHD showed difficulties with working memory, short-term memory and delayed memory, as well as a potential difficulty with recognition memory, despite preserved initial learning.
除了注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患者在工作记忆方面存在的既定困难外，越来越多的证据表明其他记忆过程也可能受到影响。首先，我们调查了与对照组相比，患有ADHD的成年人和青少年在哪些记忆过程上存在差异，重点关注工作记忆和短期记忆、初始学习、干扰、延迟记忆和识别记忆。其次，我们调查了ADHD的严重程度、共病的抑郁症状、智商和身体素质是否与ADHD患者的记忆表现相关。我们对205名ADHD患者（平均年龄25.8岁，标准差7.99）和50名对照参与者（平均年龄21.1岁，标准差5.07）进行了认知任务评估，包括顺背数字广度（DSF）和倒背数字广度（DSB）、雷伊听觉词语学习测验（RAVLT）以及韦氏简易智力量表的词汇和矩阵推理子测验。此外，还对ADHD患者的ADHD严重程度、抑郁症状和心肺适能进行了评估。进行了一系列回归分析，当变量存在偏态时进行敏感性分析。ADHD组与对照组在DSF、DSB、延迟记忆和识别记忆方面存在显著差异，ADHD患者的表现不如对照组参与者。在敏感性分析中，识别记忆的结果不再显著。记忆表现与更严重的ADHD或抑郁症状无关。智商与除DSF外的所有记忆变量呈正相关。心肺适能与RAVLT的大多数变量呈负相关。尽管初始学习能力保留，但ADHD患者在工作记忆、短期记忆和延迟记忆方面存在困难，在识别记忆方面也可能存在潜在困难。
