Beauchamp D E
Hastings Cent Rep. 1985 Dec;15(6):28-36.
The dominant language of politics in the United States has been political individualism, with minimal restrictions on property and personal, voluntary conduct. But there are second languages of community that stress cooperation and group action. These second languages include the constitutional tradition for public health. Public health offers a community justification for paternalistic measures that, for example, discourage smoking or require seatbelts.
美国政治的主导语言一直是政治个人主义，对财产以及个人的自愿行为限制极少。但也存在强调合作与集体行动的社群第二语言。这些第二语言包括公共卫生的宪法传统。公共卫生为家长式措施提供了社群层面的正当理由，比如劝阻吸烟或要求系安全带的措施。
