Yaghoobpour Tina, Sheikhi Zahra, Nazifi Saeed
Veterinary Clinical Pathology Division, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, P.O. Box: 1731-71345, Shiraz, Iran.
Vet Res Commun. 2025 Jul 17;49(5):258. doi: 10.1007/s11259-025-10802-z.
Stress is a term used to describe environmental stimuli that disrupt homeostasis. In response, animals activate a complex stress response that serves as a defense mechanism to restore balance and maintain physiological function. It impacts growth, reproductive performance, meat quality, animal welfare, and susceptibility to diseases. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are abundant conserved proteins activated in response to various physiological and environmental stresses, such as heat shock, oxidative stress, heavy metals, ultraviolet radiation, and membrane perturbation Acute phase proteins (APPs) are a recognized method to quantify stressors and serve as reliable biomarkers of animal well-being. Although primarily synthesized in the liver, APPs can also be found in non-hepatic tissues and the bloodstream, reflecting the physiological response to stress. HSPs play a crucial role in the stress response mechanisms of cells, particularly in camels, which adapt to harsh environmental conditions. They help cells adapt by triggering the heat shock response (HSR), increasing the expression of stress-related enhancing homeostasis, and improving stress resistance. Transport stress, particularly in veterinary medicine, can cause organ damage, poor feed conversion ratios, and weight loss in pigs. HSPs detect changes in cellular redox state during stress, prompting other HSPs to normalize misfolded proteins and mitigate cellular stress. Understanding HSPs alterations under stress benefits the animal breeding industry, as animals rapidly synthesize HSPs as a self-protective mechanism. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is another major APP in vertebrates, with increased levels found following inflammation and non-inflammatory conditions. Studies have shown variable results in haptoglobin (Hp) levels in response to various stressors in cattle and other livestock. Understanding the complex responses of different species, stressors, and physiological responses in various animal species is crucial for accurate diagnosis.
应激是一个用于描述扰乱体内平衡的环境刺激的术语。作为响应，动物会激活一种复杂的应激反应，该反应作为一种防御机制来恢复平衡并维持生理功能。它会影响生长、繁殖性能、肉质、动物福利以及对疾病的易感性。热休克蛋白（HSPs）是在响应各种生理和环境应激（如热休克、氧化应激、重金属、紫外线辐射和膜扰动）时被激活的丰富保守蛋白。急性期蛋白（APPs）是一种公认的量化应激源的方法，并且作为动物健康状况的可靠生物标志物。尽管APPs主要在肝脏中合成，但也可以在非肝脏组织和血液中发现，反映了对应激的生理反应。HSPs在细胞的应激反应机制中起着关键作用，特别是在适应恶劣环境条件的骆驼中。它们通过触发热休克反应（HSR）来帮助细胞适应，增加与应激相关的表达以增强体内平衡，并提高应激抗性。运输应激，特别是在兽医学中，会导致猪的器官损伤、饲料转化率低下和体重减轻。HSPs在应激期间检测细胞氧化还原状态的变化，促使其他HSPs使错误折叠的蛋白质正常化并减轻细胞应激。了解应激下HSPs的变化对动物育种行业有益，因为动物会迅速合成HSPs作为一种自我保护机制。血清淀粉样蛋白A（SAA）是脊椎动物中的另一种主要APP，在炎症和非炎症条件下其水平会升高。研究表明，牛和其他家畜在响应各种应激源时，触珠蛋白（Hp）水平的结果存在差异。了解不同物种、应激源以及各种动物物种的生理反应的复杂反应对于准确诊断至关重要。
