Laurenti-Lions L, Gallego J, Chambille B, Vardon G, Jacquemin C
J Exp Anal Behav. 1985 Sep;44(2):185-93. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1985.44-185.
A classic experiment by Hefferline, Keenan, and Harford (1959) showed that small thumb-twitches, imperceptible to the subject, can be controlled by the consequences of terminating and/or postponing aversive noise. These findings were further investigated in three experiments reported here. Experiment 1 replicated the original study. Experiment 2 was a control study in which stimulus changes were presented as in Experiment 1, but independently of the responses. Under these conditions the response rate varied over a large range with no systematic relation to experimental events. The increments in response rate reported by Hefferline et al. were within the present range of variation, suggesting that conditioning in the earlier study may have reflected a consistency in the direction of change rather than an increase in rate beyond the baseline range. In the present experiment, however, the rate increase was absolute. In Experiment 3, analog rather than binary changes in stimulus conditions were used as reinforcement. Under these conditions, the rates of subjects whose responses were conditioned fell from 78% (in the previous experiment) to 31%.
赫夫林、基南和哈福德（1959年）进行的一项经典实验表明，被试无法察觉的轻微拇指抽搐可以通过终止和/或推迟厌恶噪声的后果来控制。本文报道的三个实验对这些发现进行了进一步研究。实验1重复了原始研究。实验2是一项对照研究，其中刺激变化的呈现方式与实验1相同，但与反应无关。在这些条件下，反应率在很大范围内变化，与实验事件没有系统关系。赫夫林等人报告的反应率增量在当前的变化范围内，这表明早期研究中的条件作用可能反映了变化方向的一致性，而不是超出基线范围的速率增加。然而，在本实验中，速率增加是绝对的。在实验3中，刺激条件采用模拟而非二元变化作为强化。在这些条件下，反应得到条件作用的被试的速率从78%（在前一个实验中）降至31%。
