Badshah Sayed Maeen, Sultana Nighat, Al-Rawi Mahmood Basil A, Tariq Zarkish, Lin Kuen-Song, Hussain Abrar, Syed Wajid, Ahmed Dildar, Hussain Jamshid, Khan Bushra, Rehman Faiz Ur
Department of Biochemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan.
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science/Environmental Technology Research Center, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li District, Taoyuan City, 32003, Taiwan.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 23;15(1):26689. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03596-2.
The increasing antimicrobial resistance and recurrence is a major public health concern leading to high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Furthermore, free radicals induced damage led to oxidative diseases such as cancer and diabetes.Therefore, finding safe and effective antimicrobial and antioxidant agents is vital. Pomegranate peel, constituting 60% of the total fruit's weight, is largely disposed despite its known benefits in traditional medicine. The current study aimed to determine the chemical constituents and biological activities of the methanolic extracts of peels of three pomegranate varieties [wild (PPE-1), white (PPE-2), and red (PPE-3)]. Phytochemicals analysis were performed using UV-vis spectrophotometry, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant potentials were determined via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging and phosphomolybdate (ABTS) assay and In Vitro antidiabetic activity was assessed by α-amylase inhibition assay. The antibacterial activity was assesed against three most dominant pathogens including E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis by disc diffusion. The total phenolics, flavonoid, and tannin contents were highest in PPE-1 followed by PPE-2 and PPE-3. Among the polyphenol, chlorogenic acid was found in substantial concentration in all extracts. The GC-MS analysis identified 13 distinct compounds with the notable presence of 5-(hydroxymethyl) furan-2-carbaldehyde. All varieties exhibited significant antioxidants, antibacterial and antidiabetics, but the PPE-1 showed the highest activities. Docking studies revealed that chlorogenic acid was a strong inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II) indicating anti-inflammatory and anticancerous potential. The study revealed that pomegranate peels have promising biological potentials such as antioxidants, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial, suggesting their role in drug developments.
日益增加的抗菌耐药性和复发是一个重大的公共卫生问题，在全球范围内导致了高发病率和死亡率。此外，自由基诱导的损伤会引发诸如癌症和糖尿病等氧化疾病。因此，寻找安全有效的抗菌和抗氧化剂至关重要。石榴皮占整个果实重量的60%，尽管其在传统医学中有已知的益处，但大多被丢弃。当前的研究旨在确定三种石榴品种（野生（PPE - 1）、白色（PPE - 2）和红色（PPE - 3））果皮甲醇提取物的化学成分和生物活性。使用紫外可见分光光度法、气相色谱 - 质谱联用（GC - MS）和高效液相色谱法（HPLC）进行植物化学分析。通过2,2 - 二苯基 - 1 - 苦基肼清除法和磷钼酸盐（ABTS）测定法确定抗氧化潜力，并通过α - 淀粉酶抑制测定法评估体外抗糖尿病活性。通过纸片扩散法评估对三种最主要的病原体（包括大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌）的抗菌活性。总酚、黄酮和单宁含量在PPE - 1中最高，其次是PPE - 2和PPE - 3。在所有提取物中，多酚类物质绿原酸的含量都相当高。GC - MS分析鉴定出13种不同的化合物，其中5 - （羟甲基）呋喃 - 2 - 甲醛含量显著。所有品种都表现出显著的抗氧化、抗菌和抗糖尿病活性，但PPE - 1的活性最高。对接研究表明，绿原酸是环氧化酶 - II（COX - II）的强效抑制剂，表明其具有抗炎和抗癌潜力。该研究表明，石榴皮具有抗氧化、抗糖尿病和抗菌等有前景的生物潜力，表明它们在药物开发中的作用。
