Arıcı Şule, Kaya Hatice, Ege Duygu
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Rasathane Cd. Kandilli Campus, Kandilli Mah., 34684, Istanbul, Turkey.
Biomed Phys Eng Express. 2025 Aug 6;11(5). doi: 10.1088/2057-1976/adf3bc.
This study investigates the rheological properties and stability of hydroxyapatite (HA)/gelatin (Gel)/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogel inks to establish ideal printing conditions for 3D printing of bone scaffolds. The effects of 10 and 20 wt% of HA and 7.5 and 15 w v% Gel on viscosity, storage modulus, loss modulus and printability of hydrogel inks were analyzed. Rheological properties showed that all hydrogel inks exhibited shear-thinning behavior and that higher Gel concentration (w/v%) resulted in increased gelation temperature. This is due to the increase in viscosity and gel strength with higher Gel concentration. Moreover, the printability test demonstrated that the hydrogel inks with higher concentrations of HA and Gel required higher printing temperature and extrusion pressure due to enhanced intermolecular interactions within the hydrogel matrix. Gel7.5 compositions were preferred over Gel15 due to better printability near body temperature which is preferable for bioprinting cell-laden constructs. The stability and integrity of the printed struts were investigated to achieve high shape fidelity through the filament fusion test and the ideal printing speed was determined to be 6 mm/s. These findings contribute to advancing hydrogel-based 3D printing strategies for bone tissue engineering.
本研究调查了羟基磷灰石（HA）/明胶（Gel）/羧甲基纤维素（CMC）水凝胶油墨的流变学性质和稳定性，以建立用于骨支架3D打印的理想打印条件。分析了10 wt%和20 wt%的HA以及7.5 w/v%和15 w/v%的Gel对水凝胶油墨的粘度、储能模量、损耗模量和可打印性的影响。流变学性质表明，所有水凝胶油墨均表现出剪切变稀行为，且较高的Gel浓度（w/v%）会导致凝胶化温度升高。这是由于较高的Gel浓度会使粘度和凝胶强度增加。此外，可打印性测试表明，由于水凝胶基质内分子间相互作用增强，具有较高HA和Gel浓度的水凝胶油墨需要更高的打印温度和挤出压力。由于在接近体温时具有更好的可打印性，这对于生物打印负载细胞的构建体是更可取的，因此Gel7.5组合物优于Gel15。通过细丝融合试验研究了打印支柱的稳定性和完整性，以实现高形状保真度，并确定理想的打印速度为6 mm/s。这些发现有助于推进基于水凝胶的骨组织工程3D打印策略。
