Kanti Praveen Kumar, G Prashantha Kumar H, Said Nejla Mahjoub, Wanatasanappan V Vicki, Paramasivam Prabhu, Dabelo Leliso Hobicho
Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, IKRAM-UNITEN, Jalan, 43000, Selangor, Malaysia.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rayat Bahra Institute of Engineering and Nano Technology, Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 27;15(1):27335. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-11542-5.
The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is a highly efficient and eco-friendly technology, making it a pivotal solution for sustainable energy systems. Effective thermal management of PEMFCs is essential, and nanofluids have emerged as superior coolants compared to conventional fluids. Less exploration in PEMFC cooling, particularly using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) suspended hybrid nanofluids, supports the present work on the thermal and rheological properties of rGO-based hybrid nanofluids. The experimental exploration involves five different mixtures of base fluid composition comprising ethylene glycol (EG) and water (W). The hybridization of Al₂O₃ and rGO nanoparticles was performed by dispersing both at four different concentrations in the 50:50 base fluid mixture. The experimental procedure involves evaluation of dispersion stability, viscosity, and thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids. The results showed that increasing the EG proportion reduced thermal conductivity while increasing viscosity. The maximum thermal conductivity ratio of 1.23 occurred at 80:20 W: EG for 1 vol% concentration at 60 °C, while the highest viscosity ratio of 1.48 was observed at 20:80 W: EG at 30 °C. The developed correlation for viscosity shows an 11.2% reduction in the coefficient of determination obtained for the thermal conductivity model. This study explores the application of Linear Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models for predicting thermal conductivity and viscosity using experimental datasets. The thermal conductivity model showed that XGBoost has the best predictive power, with Test R² = 0.9941, Test mean square error (MSE) = 0.0000, and Test KGE = 0.9613. XGBoost again beat other models in predicting viscosity, with Test R² = 0.9944, Test MSE = 0.0269, and Test KGE = 0.9903. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) graphs showed that the model outputs were greatly affected by the base fluid ratio (BFR), temperature, and concentration. This made the model outputs easy to understand both globally and locally. These findings provide valuable insights for designing efficient cooling solutions for PEMFCs, supporting their broader adoption in energy applications.
质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)是一种高效且环保的技术,使其成为可持续能源系统的关键解决方案。对PEMFC进行有效的热管理至关重要,与传统流体相比,纳米流体已成为更优质的冷却剂。在PEMFC冷却方面的探索较少,特别是使用还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)悬浮混合纳米流体,这支持了目前关于基于rGO的混合纳米流体的热性能和流变性能的研究。实验探索涉及由乙二醇(EG)和水(W)组成的五种不同基础流体成分混合物。通过将Al₂O₃和rGO纳米颗粒以四种不同浓度分散在50:50的基础流体混合物中来进行它们的混合。实验过程包括评估混合纳米流体的分散稳定性、粘度和热导率。结果表明,增加EG比例会降低热导率,同时增加粘度。在60°C下,对于1体积%浓度的80:20 W:EG,最大热导率比为1.23,而在30°C下,在20:80 W:EG处观察到最高粘度比为1.48。所建立的粘度相关性表明,热导率模型的决定系数降低了11.2%。本研究探索了使用实验数据集通过线性回归(LR)、决策树(DT)和极端梯度提升(XGBoost)模型预测热导率和粘度。热导率模型表明,XGBoost具有最佳预测能力,测试R² = 0.9941,测试均方误差(MSE)= 0.0000,测试KGE = 0.9613。在预测粘度方面,XGBoost再次击败其他模型,测试R² = 0.9944,测试MSE = 0.0269,测试KGE = 0.9903。SHapley加性解释(SHAP)和局部可解释模型无关解释(LIME)图表明,模型输出受基础流体比例(BFR)、温度和浓度的影响很大。这使得模型输出在全局和局部都易于理解。这些发现为设计高效的PEMFC冷却解决方案提供了有价值的见解,支持它们在能源应用中的更广泛采用。