Pradhan Ayushi, Pattnaik Gurudutta, Das Shubhashree, Acharya Biswajeet, Patra Ch Niranjan
School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, Odisha, India.
Med Oncol. 2025 Jul 28;42(9):383. doi: 10.1007/s12032-025-02725-1.
Still among the most common and deadly cancers worldwide, lung cancer causes major morbidity and death. Thanks to late-stage diagnosis, tumor heterogeneity, and resistance to traditional treatments, the prognosis for lung cancer patients is still poor even with developments in medical research. The disease is driven by a sophisticated interaction of environmental elements, genetic alterations, and lifestyle choices like smoking, air pollution, and occupational toxins. Key driver mutations like KRAS, EGFR, ALK, and TP53-which affect tumor development and response to therapy-have been found by advances in molecular oncology. Imaging techniques (CT, MRI, PET-CT), molecular diagnostics, and biopsy-based procedures increasing early detection and categorization have fundamentally changed diagnostic methodologies. Depending on tumor stage and molecular profile, treatment modalities including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy have varied degrees of success. Still major problems, though, include systematic toxicity and treatment resistance. By improving therapeutic targeting and reducing unwanted effects, emerging drug delivery methods such liposomal formulations, nanoparticle-based carriers, and inhalable medicines present interesting substitutes. Moreover, customized medicine is being opened by gene therapy and RNA-based therapeutics like siRNA treatments and CRISpen/Cas9 gene editing. Integration of artificial intelligence (AI), exosome-based drug carriers, and 3D bioprinting to improve therapeutic accuracy will be the main topics of future study. Emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary approaches to increase survival rates and patient outcomes, this review investigates the etiology, molecular pathways, present therapy options, and developing discoveries in lung cancer research.
肺癌仍是全球最常见且致命的癌症之一，会导致严重的发病和死亡。由于诊断较晚、肿瘤异质性以及对传统治疗的耐药性，即便医学研究有所进展，肺癌患者的预后依然很差。该疾病是由环境因素、基因改变以及吸烟、空气污染和职业毒素等生活方式选择之间复杂的相互作用所驱动的。分子肿瘤学的进展发现了诸如KRAS、EGFR、ALK和TP53等关键驱动突变，这些突变会影响肿瘤发展及对治疗的反应。成像技术（CT、MRI、PET-CT）、分子诊断以及基于活检的程序提高了早期检测和分类能力，从根本上改变了诊断方法。根据肿瘤分期和分子特征，包括手术、化疗、放疗、靶向治疗和免疫治疗在内的治疗方式有着不同程度的成功。不过，主要问题仍然包括全身毒性和治疗耐药性。诸如脂质体制剂、基于纳米颗粒的载体和可吸入药物等新兴药物递送方法，通过改善治疗靶向性和减少不良影响，提供了有趣的替代方案。此外，基因治疗以及如siRNA治疗和CRISpen/Cas9基因编辑等基于RNA的疗法正在开启个性化医疗。人工智能（AI）、基于外泌体的药物载体和3D生物打印的整合以提高治疗准确性，将是未来研究的主要课题。本综述强调多学科方法对于提高生存率和患者预后的重要性，探讨了肺癌研究中的病因、分子途径、当前治疗选择及新发现。
