Billi Dario, Caroti Gabriella, Piemonte Andrea
ASTRO Laboratory, Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
Sensors (Basel). 2025 Jul 15;25(14):4410. doi: 10.3390/s25144410.
This research investigates the metric accuracy of 3D transparent object reconstruction, a task where conventional photogrammetry often fails. The topic is especially relevant in cultural heritage (CH), where accurate digital documentation of glass and transparent artifacts is important. The work proposes a practical methodology using existing tools to verify metric accuracy standards. The study compares three methods, conventional photogrammetry, 3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS), and 2D Gaussian splatting (2DGS), to assess their ability to produce complete and metrically reliable 3D models suitable for measurement and geometric analysis. A transparent glass artifact serves as the case study. Results show that 2DGS captures fine surface and internal details with better geometric consistency than 3DGS and photogrammetry. Although 3DGS offers high visual quality, it introduces surface artifacts that affect metric reliability. Photogrammetry fails to reconstruct the object entirely. The study highlights that visual quality does not ensure geometric accuracy, which is critical for measurement applications. In this work, ground truth comparisons confirm that 2DGS offers the best trade-off between accuracy and appearance, despite higher computational demands. These findings suggest extending the experimentation to other sets of images featuring transparent objects, and possibly also reflective ones.
本研究调查了三维透明物体重建的度量准确性，这是一项传统摄影测量常常无法完成的任务。该主题在文化遗产领域尤为相关，其中玻璃和透明文物的精确数字记录非常重要。这项工作提出了一种使用现有工具来验证度量准确性标准的实用方法。该研究比较了三种方法，即传统摄影测量、三维高斯点云渲染（3DGS）和二维高斯点云渲染（2DGS），以评估它们生成适用于测量和几何分析的完整且度量可靠的三维模型的能力。一个透明玻璃文物用作案例研究。结果表明，与3DGS和摄影测量相比，2DGS能以更好的几何一致性捕捉精细的表面和内部细节。尽管3DGS提供了较高的视觉质量，但它会引入影响度量可靠性的表面伪影。摄影测量无法完全重建物体。该研究强调，视觉质量并不能确保几何准确性，而几何准确性对于测量应用至关重要。在这项工作中，与真实情况的比较证实，尽管计算需求较高，但2DGS在准确性和外观之间提供了最佳平衡。这些发现建议将实验扩展到其他具有透明物体（可能还有反射物体）的图像集。
