Ghosh Aparajita, Chatterjee Sambit, Dawn Ananya, Das Anupam
From the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, KPC Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India.
Indian J Dermatol. 2025 Jul-Aug;70(4):188-200. doi: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_805_24. Epub 2025 Jun 30.
Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) are a group of viruses that can infect the stratified epithelium of the skin and mucosa. Based on their oncogenic potential, they can be divided into high risk and low risk types. HPV accounts for 7,30,000 cases of cancers all over the world. In June 2006, the first HPV vaccine - Gardasil - was approved by the FDA. After this in 2007, Cervarix was approved and finally Gardasil 9 in 2014. Currently, there are six prophylactic vaccines against HPV, of which five have been pre-qualified by WHO. The bivalent vaccines offer protection against acquiring HPV 16 and 18, which cause 70% of cervical cancers. The quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines offer additional protection against low-risk HPV 6 and 11. The currently available vaccines have been found to be safe in both pre- and post-licensure trials. The vaccines offer excellent protection against cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and 3. The role of HPV vaccines in prevention of other cancers is mostly supported by small retrospective studies. The currently available vaccines are approved for prophylactic use only. There have been attempts to use HPV vaccines therapeutically, and there are conflicting reports regarding their efficacy. This article reviews the currently available vaccines, their indications, adverse effects, contraindications, and epidemiological impact. It also highlights the off label therapeutic uses in various conditions and other potential vaccine candidates.
人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）是一组能够感染皮肤和黏膜复层上皮的病毒。根据其致癌潜力，可分为高危型和低危型。HPV在全球导致73万例癌症。2006年6月，首款HPV疫苗——加德西（Gardasil）——获美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准。此后，2007年，卉妍康（Cervarix）获批，最终2014年九价加德西（Gardasil 9）获批。目前，有六种预防性HPV疫苗，其中五种已获得世界卫生组织的预认证。二价疫苗可预防感染导致70%宫颈癌的HPV 16和18型。四价和九价疫苗可额外预防低危型HPV 6和11型。目前已发现现有疫苗在上市前和上市后的试验中均安全。这些疫苗对2级和3级宫颈上皮内瘤变具有极佳的预防作用。HPV疫苗在预防其他癌症方面的作用大多得到小型回顾性研究的支持。目前可用的疫苗仅被批准用于预防性接种。曾有人尝试将HPV疫苗用于治疗，但其疗效的报道相互矛盾。本文综述了目前可用的疫苗、其适应证、不良反应、禁忌证和流行病学影响。还强调了在各种情况下的非标签治疗用途以及其他潜在的候选疫苗。
