Recent Advances in Management of Vitiligo.

Vitiligo is an acquired cutaneous disorder that affects about 0.5%-2% of the global population. It is characterised by depigmented macules due to the loss of melanocytes. This condition may significantly affect the psychosocial and emotional well-being of patients, cause diminished self-esteem, and lead to social ostracization. Traditional therapeutic options include topical treatments like corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, as well as topical or systemic phototherapy. Systemic immunomodulators target immune and inflammatory pathways to halt depigmentation and bring about repigmentation. Recent insights into the pathogenesis of vitiligo indicate an interplay of genetic, autoimmune, and environmental factors, with oxidative stress and genetic predisposition playing a part as well. Novel treatment modalities targeting multiple molecular targets, such as the JAK-STAT pathway, melanocortin-1 receptor, and different immune checkpoints, aim to combat autoimmunity and enhance melanocyte function. These emerging therapies offer encouraging results, although literature on them is limited and efficacy varies among patients. The continuous advancement in treatment strategies, along with advances in genetic and pathophysiological research, underscores a dynamic and hopeful course for vitiligo management, which in turn can improve the quality of life of affected individuals.