Majerik Behinska Katarina, Balkova Ema, Mihal Michal, Roychoudhury Shubhadeep, Kolesarova Adriana
Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia.
AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia.
Front Pharmacol. 2025 Jul 17;16:1599688. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1599688. eCollection 2025.
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), a dietary flavonoid found in berries, exhibits strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. It plays a role in female reproductive health by protecting ovarian cells from oxidative stress while inhibiting tumour growth and inducing apoptosis in ovarian and cervical cancer cells. C3G can modulate estrogen receptors, growth factors, and apoptosis- and angiogenesis-related pathways. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may be beneficial in hormone-related reproductive disorders and in oncological conditions of reproductive organs, such as ovarian cancer. Beyond its anticancer effects, C3G may be able to mitigate reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), although its low bioavailability and need for improved delivery methods pose challenges. C3G influences gut microbiota and enhances systemic antioxidant activity, too. This evidence-based study summarizes the biological effects of C3G, emphasizing its impact on female reproductive health, proposing its mechanism(s) of action, and potential clinical application. Future pre-clinical and clinical investigations are needed to determine C3G's effective dosages and assessment as a complementary or alternative therapy in gynecological oncology and reproductive health. Moreover, as many of these observations in the literature are based on large and enzyme-based studies that may be influenced by pan assay interference-a common challenge with some polyphenolic metabolites, such as C3G, the results must be interpreted with caution, and further , preclinical, and clinical investigations employing orthogonal and physiologically relevant approaches are warranted.
花青素-3-O-葡萄糖苷（C3G）是一种存在于浆果中的膳食类黄酮，具有强大的抗氧化、抗炎和抗癌特性。它通过保护卵巢细胞免受氧化应激，同时抑制肿瘤生长并诱导卵巢癌和子宫颈癌细胞凋亡，从而在女性生殖健康中发挥作用。C3G可以调节雌激素受体、生长因子以及与细胞凋亡和血管生成相关的信号通路。其抗氧化和抗炎特性可能对激素相关的生殖障碍以及生殖器官的肿瘤疾病（如卵巢癌）有益。除了抗癌作用外，C3G或许还能够缓解诸如多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）等生殖障碍，不过其低生物利用度以及对改进给药方式的需求带来了挑战。C3G还会影响肠道微生物群并增强全身抗氧化活性。这项基于证据的研究总结了C3G的生物学效应，强调了其对女性生殖健康的影响，提出了其作用机制以及潜在的临床应用。未来需要进行临床前和临床研究，以确定C3G的有效剂量，并评估其作为妇科肿瘤学和生殖健康领域的补充或替代疗法的效果。此外，由于文献中的许多观察结果是基于大规模和基于酶的研究，这些研究可能会受到泛测定干扰的影响——这是一些多酚代谢物（如C3G）常见的挑战，因此对结果的解释必须谨慎，并且有必要采用正交和生理相关方法进行进一步的临床前和临床研究。
