Vega Quiñones Esther M, Quiñones Justiniano Gustavo, Dudley Edward G, M'ikanatha Nkuchia M, Malavez Yadira
University of Puerto Rico at Aguadilla, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico.
Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
J Food Prot. 2025 Aug 22;88(9):100589. doi: 10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100589. Epub 2025 Jul 30.
Nontyphoidal Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States, with over 1.35 million infections annually, 212,500 of which are antibiotic-resistant. In Puerto Rico, 47.1% of reported foodborne illness cases are attributed to nontyphoidal Salmonella. This study reports the first National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System effort to characterize the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of nontyphoidal Salmonella in Puerto Rico's retail meats. A total of 475 fresh raw samples, including chicken and giblets, ground beef, ground turkey, ground pork, and pork chops, were collected between 2022 and 2023. Nontyphoidal Salmonella was detected in 11% of samples, with higher prevalence in poultry (15%) compared to beef (4%) and pork (0%). The most prevalent serotypes were S. Typhimurium (18%) and S. Infantis (25%). Meat imported from the United States showed greater serotype diversity than locally sourced meat. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates, and whole-genome sequencing was performed, and bioinformatics tools were employed to assess antimicrobial resistance profiles. High resistance rates were observed for tetracycline (59%), aminoglycosides (59%), and sulfonamides (48%). Notably, 32% of isolates had reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, and 14% were resistant to ceftriaxone. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella was found in 25% of isolates, including eight MDR from imported meat and two from Puerto Rico. Mean antimicrobial resistance index values were slightly higher in meat from the United States (20%) than in local meat (19%). S. Infantis strains carrying the bla gene and IncFIB(pN55391) plasmid replicons were identified in Puerto Rico retail meat, posing a public health risk due to resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactams and multidrug resistance. These findings highlight the need for enhanced surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship in Puerto Rico.
非伤寒沙门氏菌是美国食源性疾病的主要病因，每年感染人数超过135万，其中212,500例具有抗生素耐药性。在波多黎各，报告的食源性疾病病例中有47.1%归因于非伤寒沙门氏菌。本研究报告了国家抗菌药物耐药性监测系统首次对波多黎各零售肉类中非伤寒沙门氏菌的流行情况和抗菌药物耐药性进行特征描述的工作。2022年至2023年期间，共采集了475份新鲜生肉样本，包括鸡肉及内脏、绞碎牛肉、绞碎火鸡肉、绞碎猪肉和猪排。11%的样本中检测到非伤寒沙门氏菌，家禽中的流行率（15%）高于牛肉（4%）和猪肉（0%）。最常见的血清型是鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（18%）和婴儿沙门氏菌（25%）。从美国进口的肉类血清型多样性高于本地采购的肉类。测定了非伤寒沙门氏菌分离株的最低抑菌浓度，进行了全基因组测序，并使用生物信息学工具评估抗菌药物耐药性谱。观察到四环素（59%）、氨基糖苷类（59%）和磺胺类（48%）的耐药率较高。值得注意的是，32%的分离株对环丙沙星敏感性降低，14%对头孢曲松耐药。25%的分离株中发现了多重耐药沙门氏菌，包括8株来自进口肉类的多重耐药菌和2株来自波多黎各的多重耐药菌。美国肉类的平均抗菌药物耐药指数值（20%）略高于本地肉类（19%）。在波多黎各零售肉类中鉴定出携带bla基因和IncFIB(pN55391)质粒复制子的婴儿沙门氏菌菌株，因其对超广谱β-内酰胺类药物耐药和多重耐药而构成公共卫生风险。这些发现凸显了在波多黎各加强监测和抗菌药物管理的必要性。
