Jensen S R, Crummy A B, McDermott J C, Starck E, Voegeli D R
Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1985;8(4):216-7. doi: 10.1007/BF02552903.
Indwelling central venous catheters are widely used for the management of many disorders but have a high incidence of dislodgement, thrombosis, or occlusion. Contrast studies of these complications are hampered by difficulty injecting contrast through the catheters or peripheral veins. Use of digital subtraction angiography allows adequate visualization with small amounts of contrast and greatly facilitates the study of these catheters and the surrounding venous system.
留置中心静脉导管广泛应用于多种疾病的治疗，但移位、血栓形成或堵塞的发生率很高。通过导管或外周静脉注射造影剂存在困难，这妨碍了对这些并发症进行造影研究。数字减影血管造影的应用能够使用少量造影剂实现充分显影，并极大地促进了对这些导管及周围静脉系统的研究。
