Abe Makiko, Arima Hisatomi, Okuda Nagako, Taniguchi Hirokazu, Satoh Atsushi, Nishi Nobuo, Aono Naoki, Higashiyama Aya, Suzuki Harumitsu, Okami Yukiko, Kondo Keiko, Kitaoka Kaori, Kadota Aya, Okamura Tomonori, Ohkubo Takayoshi, Okayama Akira, Miura Katsuyuki
Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.
J Occup Health. 2025 Jan 7;67(1). doi: 10.1093/joccuh/uiaf045.
There is a growing interest in understanding the long-term impact of employment status on psychological stress. We aimed to explore the association between socioeconomic status and psychological stress over a long-term follow-up period across the COVID-19 pandemic, employing the Kessler 6-Item Psychological Distress Scale (K6).
We evaluated K6 scores from the 2021 follow-up survey of NIPPON DATA2010 using a self-administered questionnaire. The association between employment status and changes in K6 scores over 11 years was examined. Multiple regression analyses were used to estimate both crude and adjusted differences in K6 score changes across various socioeconomic factors including employment category, annual household income, marital status, and household size. Analyses were stratified by age, gender, and prefectural population size.
This study included 1532 participants with an average age of 54.9 years. Over 11 years (2010-2021), participants in both gender and age groups showed increases in mean K6 scores (men: 2.79 to 3.06; women: 3.15 to 3.56; <65 years: 3.27 to 3.47; ≥65 years: 2.37 to 3.08). Nonemployed participants, particularly homemakers, showed significantly greater increases in K6 scores, compared with full-time employees, especially among women, younger individuals, and those in densely populated areas, with a significant interaction with age.
Nonemployed individuals, especially homemakers, experienced greater psychological stress over the past 11 years than did their fully employed counterparts. Public interventions, including strengthened social connections and telemental health services, may help mitigate these disparities, enhance mental well-being, and foster a sense of belonging.
人们越来越关注就业状况对心理压力的长期影响。我们旨在通过凯斯勒6项心理困扰量表（K6），在整个新冠疫情的长期随访期间，探讨社会经济地位与心理压力之间的关联。
我们使用自填问卷对日本NIPPON DATA2010 2021年随访调查中的K6得分进行了评估。研究了就业状况与11年间K6得分变化之间的关联。多元回归分析用于估计不同社会经济因素（包括就业类别、家庭年收入、婚姻状况和家庭规模）下K6得分变化的粗差异和调整差异。分析按年龄、性别和县级人口规模分层。
本研究纳入了1532名平均年龄为54.9岁的参与者。在11年（2010 - 2021年）期间，男性和女性年龄组的参与者K6平均得分均有所增加（男性：从2.79增至3.06；女性：从3.15增至3.56；<65岁：从3.27增至3.47；≥65岁：从2.37增至3.08）。与全职员工相比，未就业参与者，尤其是家庭主妇，K6得分的增幅显著更大，在女性、年轻人以及人口密集地区的人群中尤为明显，且与年龄存在显著交互作用。
在过去11年中，未就业者，尤其是家庭主妇，比全职工作的同龄人经历了更大的心理压力。包括加强社会联系和远程心理健康服务在内的公共干预措施，可能有助于缩小这些差距，增进心理健康，并培养归属感。
