Leung Carole, Yoon Leehyun, Tang Alva
Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
Center for Vital Longevity, The University of Texas at Dallas, 1600 Viceroy Dr #800, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA.
Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. 2025 Sep;53(9):1381-1395. doi: 10.1007/s10802-025-01352-8. Epub 2025 Aug 4.
Childhood social withdrawal is linked to increased risk of depression and peer difficulties. While data suggest that some child temperaments are more likely to be socially withdrawn, empirical data investigating whether distinct child temperament profiles, characterized by different social approach and avoidance motivations, influence the development of depression into late adolescence are lacking. Additionally, it is unclear whether peer difficulties in mid-adolescence explain such associations. This study addressed these research gaps using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC: n = 9491). Based on parent reports of shyness and sociability across ages 3 to 6, four distinct temperament profiles were identified: introvert (29.6%), extravert (26.6%), conflicted-shy (24.6%), and avoidant-shy (19.2%). Depressive symptoms in adolescence were self-reported using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire at ages 13 and 18. Peer difficulties were parent-reported through the peer problems subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at age 13. Results from the latent change score models indicated that introverted and avoidant-shy adolescents exhibited more depressive symptoms compared to conflicted-shy adolescents at both ages 13 and 18. A further mediation analysis revealed that introverted and avoidant-shy adolescents experienced more peer difficulties in mid-adolescence compared to their conflicted-shy counterparts, which in turn predicted more depressive symptoms at ages 13 and 18, as well as a greater increase in depressive symptoms over time. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the roles of social withdrawal subtypes and peer relations and how they might shape the development of depressive symptoms.
儿童期社交退缩与抑郁风险增加及同伴交往困难有关。虽然数据表明某些儿童气质类型更易出现社交退缩，但缺乏实证数据来研究以不同社交接近和回避动机为特征的独特儿童气质类型是否会影响抑郁发展至青少年晚期。此外，尚不清楚青少年中期的同伴交往困难是否能解释此类关联。本研究利用雅芳亲子纵向研究（ALSPAC：n = 9491）的数据填补了这些研究空白。基于父母对孩子3至6岁时害羞和社交性的报告，确定了四种不同的气质类型：内向型（29.6%）、外向型（26.6%）、矛盾害羞型（24.6%）和回避害羞型（19.2%）。通过在13岁和18岁时使用简短情绪与感受问卷自我报告青少年期的抑郁症状。通过13岁时优势与困难问卷中的同伴问题子量表由父母报告同伴交往困难情况。潜在变化分数模型的结果表明，在13岁和18岁时，内向型和回避害羞型青少年比矛盾害羞型青少年表现出更多的抑郁症状。进一步的中介分析显示，与矛盾害羞型青少年相比，内向型和回避害羞型青少年在青少年中期经历了更多的同伴交往困难，这反过来又预示着在13岁和18岁时会出现更多的抑郁症状，以及随着时间推移抑郁症状会有更大程度的增加。这些发现凸显了理解社交退缩亚型和同伴关系的作用以及它们如何塑造抑郁症状发展的重要性。
