Allela Omer Qutaiba B, Shareef Abdulkareem, Vadia Nasir, Oweis Rami, Jyothi S Renuka, Maharana Laxmidhar, Chauhan Ashish Singh, Tomar Prakhar, Sameer Hayder Naji, Yaseen Ahmed, Athab Zainab H, Adil Mohaned
College of Pharmacy, Alnoor University, Mosul, Iraq.
Ahl Al Bayt University, Kerbala, Iraq.
Med Oncol. 2025 Aug 5;42(9):407. doi: 10.1007/s12032-025-02955-3.
Breast cancer ranks among the most critical cancers globally due to its elevated prevalence, with an excess of 2.3 million newly reported cases, and it's devastating toll, resulting in a substantial number of fatalities annually. Its significance stems from its complex origins, which include intersecting genetic mutations like breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein 1/2 (BRCA1/2) that impair DNA repair and heighten hereditary risk, alongside hormonal factors and lifestyle influences. These elements collectively drive tumor development, making it a multifaceted challenge. The development of treatment approaches has advanced from conventional methods, including chemotherapy, surgical tumor resection, hormone therapy, and radiotherapy, to the incorporation of immunotherapy. Within breast cancer immunotherapy, immune checkpoints have gained prominence for their role in tumor evasion, with emerging T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) as a key player. TIGIT, a suppressive identified on T and NK cells, contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domain and binds CD155 to hinder immune responses, promoting tumorigenesis by inducing the depletion of cytotoxic lymphocytes and fostering an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Various studies indicate that this mechanism weakens immune responses against tumors and suppresses the release of inflammatory cytokines, thereby facilitating carcinogenesis. It has been established that blocking TIGIT may restore the functional capabilities of NK and T cells, leading to tumor reduction and an augmented immune response, as demonstrated by favorable results across multiple experimental models. This review explores TIGIT's expression, prognostic value, and therapeutic potential in breast cancer, highlighting how its inhibition disrupts immune suppression and boosts tumor control.
乳腺癌因其高发病率而位居全球最严重的癌症之列,每年新增报告病例超过230万,其造成的毁灭性后果导致大量死亡。其重要性源于其复杂的起源,包括像乳腺癌1型易感蛋白1/2(BRCA1/2)这样的交叉基因突变,这些突变会损害DNA修复并增加遗传风险,同时还有激素因素和生活方式的影响。这些因素共同推动肿瘤发展,使其成为一个多方面的挑战。治疗方法已从传统方法(包括化疗、手术肿瘤切除、激素治疗和放疗)发展到纳入免疫疗法。在乳腺癌免疫疗法中,免疫检查点因其在肿瘤逃逸中的作用而备受关注,新兴的具有Ig和ITIM结构域的T细胞免疫受体(TIGIT)成为关键因素。TIGIT是在T细胞和自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)上发现的一种抑制性受体,含有基于免疫受体酪氨酸的抑制基序(ITIM)结构域,与CD155结合以阻碍免疫反应,通过诱导细胞毒性淋巴细胞耗竭和促进免疫抑制微环境来促进肿瘤发生。各种研究表明,这种机制会削弱针对肿瘤的免疫反应并抑制炎性细胞因子的释放,从而促进癌症发生。已经证实,阻断TIGIT可能恢复NK细胞和T细胞的功能能力,导致肿瘤缩小和免疫反应增强,多个实验模型的良好结果证明了这一点。本综述探讨了TIGIT在乳腺癌中的表达、预后价值和治疗潜力,强调了其抑制如何破坏免疫抑制并增强肿瘤控制。
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