CAR T-cell immunotherapy as the next horizon in cancer eradication: current landscape, challenges, and future directions.

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has emerged as a groundbreaking modality in cancer immunotherapy, offering remarkable clinical benefits, particularly in hematologic malignancies. By genetically reprogramming autologous T-cells to express synthetic receptors targeting tumor-specific antigens, CAR T-cells can mediate robust antitumor responses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of CAR T-cell immunotherapy, including its historical development, structural design, mechanism of action, and preclinical and clinical evolution. We highlight the intricacies of the tumor immune microenvironment, immune evasion mechanisms employed by cancer cells, and how CAR T-cells address these barriers. FDA-approved CAR T-cell therapies for B-cell malignancies and the current landscape of clinical trials for both liquid and solid tumors are critically analyzed. Furthermore, we explore novel targets, combination strategies, and technological innovations aimed at enhancing CAR T-cell efficacy and overcoming challenges related to antigen heterogeneity, toxicity, and resistance. Issues surrounding cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), and tumor antigen escape are also discussed. The review delves into ongoing efforts in preclinical models, translational advancements, and emerging approaches such as dual-targeting CARs, armored CARs, and alternative co-stimulatory domains. Finally, the ethical, economic, and logistical challenges associated with CAR T-cell therapy are examined, including access disparities, manufacturing constraints, and the need for value-based pricing models. By synthesizing current insights and future directions, this review emphasizes transformative role of CAR T-cell therapy in oncology and the imperative for continued innovation to extend its benefits to broader patient populations.