Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a blood cancer characterized by uncontrolled growth of myeloid cells. Overcoming AML treatment resistance, particularly to anthracycline-based drugs like doxorubicin (ADR), poses a challenge. This study investigated the role of CELF1, an RNA-binding protein, in ADR resistance and autophagy regulation in AML. CELF1 expression was elevated in multiple tumor types, including AML. AML cell lines exhibit varying levels of CELF1 expression, with drug-resistant cell lines showing higher CELF1 expression compared to parental cells. CELF1 knockdown reduced drug resistance, promoted cell death, and inhibited autophagy. Mechanistic analysis identified ATG5 as a potential CELF1-regulated target gene, with CELF1 knockdown reducing ATG5 expression and mRNA decay. These findings indicate that targeting CELF1 could overcome ADR resistance in AML by modulating autophagy through ATG5 regulation, highlighting its clinical significance as a therapeutic target for enhancing ADR response in AML.