Yang Hao-Xin, Hu Ying-Yue, Liang Rui, Zheng Hong, Zhang Xuan
Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China.
Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China.
Cells. 2025 Jul 30;14(15):1173. doi: 10.3390/cells14151173.
Swertiamarin (SW), a natural iridoid glycoside primarily isolated from the genus , family, has been extensively utilized in traditional medicine systems, including Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Tibetan medicine, for treating fever, diabetes, liver disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Pharmacokinetic studies reveal that SW exhibits rapid absorption but demonstrates low oral bioavailability due to the first-pass effect. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that SW possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective activities. Our analysis demonstrates that SW exerts remarkable therapeutic potential across multiple pathological conditions through coordinated modulation of key signaling cascades, including Nrf2/HO-1, NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and PPAR pathways. This comprehensive review systematically consolidates current knowledge on SW's pharmacokinetic characteristics, toxicity, diverse biological activities, and underlying molecular mechanisms based on extensive preclinical evidence, establishing a scientific foundation for future drug development strategies and potential clinical applications of the potential natural lead compound.
獐牙菜苦苷（SW）是一种主要从龙胆科獐牙菜属植物中分离得到的天然环烯醚萜苷，已被广泛应用于包括阿育吠陀医学、传统中医和藏医在内的传统医学体系中，用于治疗发热、糖尿病、肝脏疾病和炎症性疾病。药代动力学研究表明，SW吸收迅速，但由于首过效应，口服生物利用度较低。药理学研究表明，SW具有广泛的药理活性，包括抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗糖尿病和神经保护活性。我们的分析表明，SW通过协调调节关键信号级联反应，包括Nrf2/HO-1、NF-κB、MAPK、PI3K/Akt和PPAR途径，在多种病理状况下发挥显著的治疗潜力。本综述基于广泛的临床前证据，系统地整合了关于SW药代动力学特征、毒性、多种生物活性和潜在分子机制的现有知识，为未来药物开发策略和这种潜在天然先导化合物的潜在临床应用奠定了科学基础。
