Retinoid-X-Receptor as a Mediator of Poststroke Recovery by Reversing Age-Associated Phenotypes of Microglia/Hematogenous Macrophages.

After stroke, microglia and hematogenous macrophages, together referred to as MΦ, clear dead cells and cellular debris in the infarcted brain through phagocytosis as an essential part of the recovery process. However, the phagocytic capability of MΦ declines with age. Furthermore, aged MΦ become overactivated in response to stroke, enhancing secondary brain injury. In this study, we demonstrated that by reversing the age-related dysfunctions in MΦ through activating the retinoid X receptor (RXR), the recovery after stroke in the aged brain could be improved. Using RNA-sequencing, we compared the transcriptomes between MΦ isolated from the brains of young and aged male mice. We observed higher levels of proinflammatory genes and lower levels of phagocytosis-facilitating genes ( and ) expressed by aged MΦ. Meanwhile, the treatment with RXR agonist bexarotene (BEX) reversed the signature genes of microglia aging in the aged MΦ. With the in vivo phagocytosis model, we showed that BEX enhanced the phagocytic ability of aged MΦ. Using the MCAo stroke model and male and female mice, we established that BEX improved sensorimotor and cognitive recovery after MCAo in a myeloid-RXRα-specific and myeloid-RXRα-dependent manner. In conclusion, we showed that activating RXRα partially restores age-related MΦ dysfunctions and that RXRα deficiency in MΦ limits the therapeutic effect of RXR in improving poststroke recovery in the aged brain.