Turek Jan, Cieślik Jacek
Faculty of Economics, Finance and Transport, Podkarpacka Szkoła Wyższa, ul. Na Kotlinę 8, 38-200 Jasło, Poland.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
Materials (Basel). 2025 Aug 4;18(15):3669. doi: 10.3390/ma18153669.
The article presents a comprehensive review of key issues and challenges related to enhancing the durability of hot forging tools. It discusses modern strategies aimed at increasing tool life, including modifications to tool materials, heat treatment, surface engineering, tool and die design, die geometry, tribological conditions, and lubrication. The review is based on extensive literature data, including recent publications and the authors' own research, which has been implemented under industrial conditions at the modern forging facility in Forge Plant "Glinik" (Poland). The study introduces original design and technological solutions, such as an innovative concept for manufacturing forging dies from alloy structural steels with welded impressions, replacing traditional hot-work tool steel dies. It also proposes a zonal hardfacing approach, which involves applying welds with different chemical compositions to specific surface zones of the die impressions, selected according to the dominant wear mechanisms in each zone. General guidelines for selecting hardfacing material compositions are also provided. Additionally, the article presents technological processes for die production and regeneration. The importance and application of computer simulations of forging processes are emphasized, particularly in predicting wear mechanisms and intensity, as well as in optimizing tool and forging geometry.
本文对与提高热锻模具耐用性相关的关键问题和挑战进行了全面综述。它讨论了旨在延长模具寿命的现代策略，包括对模具材料、热处理、表面工程、模具设计、模具几何形状、摩擦学条件和润滑的改进。该综述基于大量文献数据，包括近期出版物以及作者自己的研究，这些研究是在波兰“Glinik”锻造厂的现代化锻造设施的工业条件下开展的。该研究介绍了原创的设计和技术解决方案，例如一种用带有焊接型腔的合金结构钢制造锻造模具的创新概念，以取代传统的热作模具钢模具。它还提出了一种分区堆焊方法，即根据每个区域的主要磨损机制，在模具型腔的特定表面区域施加具有不同化学成分的焊缝。此外，还提供了选择堆焊材料成分的一般准则。此外，本文还介绍了模具生产和修复的工艺流程。强调了锻造过程计算机模拟的重要性和应用，特别是在预测磨损机制和强度以及优化模具和锻造几何形状方面。
