Basaran Burhan
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Türkiye.
Foods. 2025 Jul 22;14(15):2561. doi: 10.3390/foods14152561.
This study investigated ten potential toxic metals (PTMs) in six milk and dairy product types and evaluated food safety (TDI, RDA), human exposure (EDI), non-carcinogenic risk (THQ, HI), and contamination levels (CF, PLI). Based on total PTM load, products ranked as: children's milk > yogurt > protein milk > milk > ayran > kefir. Aluminum (Al) showed the highest average concentration in all products except ayran, where manganese (Mn) was dominant. Cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) were consistently at the lowest levels. Except for chromium (Cr) exposure from children's milk, all average and maximum EDI values stayed below TDI and RDA thresholds. Children's milk had the highest non-carcinogenic risk, while yogurt, kefir, milk, and ayran may also pose potential risks when maximum HI values are considered. Although CF values varied across products, PLI results showed all products had high levels of PTM contamination. Given the widespread consumption of dairy across all age groups, especially by sensitive populations like children, monitoring and controlling PTM levels is crucial alongside ensuring nutritional quality.
本研究调查了六种牛奶及奶制品类型中的十种潜在有毒金属（PTM），并评估了食品安全（每日耐受摄入量、推荐膳食摄入量）、人体暴露量（估计每日摄入量）、非致癌风险（危害商数、危害指数）以及污染水平（污染系数、污染负荷指数）。基于总PTM含量，产品排名如下：儿童牛奶＞酸奶＞蛋白奶＞牛奶＞ ayran（一种土耳其传统发酵乳饮料）＞开菲尔酸奶。除ayran中锰（Mn）占主导外，铝（Al）在所有产品中的平均浓度最高。镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）和铅（Pb）的含量始终处于最低水平。除儿童牛奶中的铬（Cr）暴露外，所有平均和最大估计每日摄入量值均低于每日耐受摄入量和推荐膳食摄入量阈值。儿童牛奶的非致癌风险最高，而考虑到最大危害指数值时，酸奶、开菲尔酸奶、牛奶和ayran也可能带来潜在风险。尽管不同产品的污染系数值有所不同，但污染负荷指数结果表明，所有产品的PTM污染水平都很高。鉴于奶制品在所有年龄组中广泛消费，尤其是儿童等敏感人群，在确保营养质量的同时，监测和控制PTM水平至关重要。
