Ezekiel Chibundu N, Ayeni Kolawole I, Sarkanj Bojan, Sulyok Michael, Akinyemi Muiz O, Ogara Isaac M, Turner Paul C, Warth Benedikt, Krska Rudolf
BOKU University, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Konrad Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
Environ Int. 2025 Aug 6;203:109713. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109713.
The concentrations of mycotoxins and their metabolites in adult first morning void urine (n = 286) from agricultural populations in two north-central Nigerian states (Nasarawa and Niger) across harvest and storage seasons were assessed using LC-MS/MS. In total, 97 % of the urine contained at least one mycotoxin; with 10 distinct mycotoxins quantified. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was the most frequently occurring (86 %), while aflatoxin M (AFM) and fumonisin B (FB) were quantified in 40 % and 71 % of the urine, at median concentrations of 0.2 and 11 µg/g creatinine, respectively. Other detected mycotoxins/metabolites were dihydrocitrinone (60 %), zearalenone (ZEN) (58 %), citrinin (37 %), nivalenol (14 %), deoxynivalenol (5 %), α-zearalenol (3 %) and β-zearalenol (1.4 %). Median urinary AFM, citrinins, OTA and ZEN levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in Nasarawa than in Niger. Urine from Nasarawa and at the harvest season contained more diverse mycotoxin classes than urine from Niger and at the storage season, respectively. Only three mycotoxin classes (aflatoxins, citrinins and fumonisins) showed significant seasonal variations, with higher urinary levels during harvest than at storage in Nasarawa. In Niger state, citrinins were mostly higher in urine during storage compared to harvest season, whereas urinary FB was higher at harvest compared to storage. Margin of exposure calculations indicated a risk of chronic exposure to aflatoxin B (AFB) (detected as AFM in urine) and OTA in both states and across seasons, while the estimated average probable daily intake values for CIT, FB and ZEN exceeded the EFSA established reference values in both states and across seasons. The results clearly demonstrate chronic exposure to (carcinogenic) mycotoxins and call for intensive efforts towards design and implementation of feasible mitigation actions to reduce mycotoxin exposures and prevent potential health risks in the long-term in the affected region.
采用液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）对尼日利亚中北部两个州（纳萨拉瓦州和尼日尔州）农业人口成年晨尿（n = 286）在收获和储存季节的霉菌毒素及其代谢产物浓度进行了评估。总体而言，97%的尿液中至少含有一种霉菌毒素；共定量了10种不同的霉菌毒素。赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）出现频率最高（86%），而黄曲霉毒素M（AFM）和伏马菌素B（FB）在40%和71%的尿液中被定量，中位数浓度分别为0.2和11μg/g肌酐。其他检测到的霉菌毒素/代谢产物为二氢桔霉素（60%）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）（58%）、桔青霉素（37%）、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（14%）、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（5%）、α-玉米赤霉烯醇（3%）和β-玉米赤霉烯醇（1.4%）。纳萨拉瓦州尿液中AFM、桔青霉素、OTA和ZEN的中位数水平显著高于尼日尔州（p < 0.05）。与尼日尔州和储存季节的尿液相比，纳萨拉瓦州和收获季节的尿液中霉菌毒素种类更多。只有三类霉菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素、桔青霉素和伏马菌素）表现出显著的季节性变化，纳萨拉瓦州收获期尿液中的水平高于储存期。在尼日尔州，储存期尿液中桔青霉素大多高于收获季节，而收获期尿液中FB高于储存期。暴露边际计算表明，两个州在不同季节均存在慢性暴露于黄曲霉毒素B（AFB，尿液中检测为AFM）和OTA的风险，而CIT、FB和ZEN的估计平均每日可能摄入量在两个州和不同季节均超过了欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）确定的参考值。结果清楚地表明存在对（致癌）霉菌毒素的慢性暴露，并呼吁大力努力设计和实施可行的缓解措施，以减少霉菌毒素暴露，并在长期内预防受影响地区的潜在健康风险。
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