Multi-isotope biographies and identities of victims of martial victory celebrations in Neolithic Europe.

Skeletons showing multiple instances of unhealed trauma and isolated skeletal segments of severed left upper limbs have been documented in the Neolithic sites of Achenheim and Bergheim (northeastern France, approximately 4300 to 4150 cal BCE), providing tantalizing evidence of war-related practices of overkill, mutilation, and/or trophy taking. Here, we conduct an innovative multi-isotope reconstruction of the biographies of the "victims" and other individuals from the region that were given normative funerary treatments (nonvictims). A total of 82 humans are analyzed, together with 53 animals and 35 modern plants to establish regional isotope baselines. Results show statistically significant isotopic differences between victims and nonvictims and suggest that the former were members of invading groups brutally killed, perhaps exposed and deposited in pits-together with trophies in the form of severed upper limbs-by local groups in what might be one of the earliest well-documented instances of martial victory celebrations in prehistoric Europe.