Gonçalves Marta, Vale Nuno, Martins da Costa Paulo, Silva Paula
School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
PerMed Research Group, RISE-Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
J Xenobiot. 2025 Aug 8;15(4):129. doi: 10.3390/jox15040129.
Antibiotics have played an evolving role in poultry production, generally transitioning from widespread use to more precise and controlled applications. Despite this shift, the long-term consequences of earlier practices continue to affect current and future generations. This review aims to explore the multifaceted consequences of antibiotic use in poultry production, with particular emphasis on the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Evidence demonstrates that antibiotic use affects the gut microbiome, often resulting in long-lasting decreased diversity and restructuring of the bacterial communities. Moreover, consequences extend to the surrounding environment, including the airborne microbiome, water systems, and poultry litter, where alterations in microbial communities tend to be more subtle, whereas changes in genetic elements related to resistance are often more pronounced (drift). The emergence and persistence of resistance in these environments facilitate the spread of resistance genes across ecological boundaries, contributing to the broader dissemination of AMR. These findings highlight the complex, interconnected nature of AMR, underscoring the urgent need for responses grounded in the One Health framework. Such approaches are essential for safeguarding both public and environmental health while maintaining sustainable poultry production practices.
抗生素在禽类生产中所起的作用不断演变，总体上已从广泛使用过渡到更精准、更可控的应用方式。尽管有这种转变，但早期做法的长期后果仍在影响着当代和后代。本综述旨在探讨禽类生产中使用抗生素的多方面后果，特别强调日益严峻的抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）挑战。有证据表明，抗生素的使用会影响肠道微生物群，常常导致细菌群落的多样性长期下降和结构重组。此外，后果还延伸到周围环境，包括空气微生物群、水系统和家禽粪便，其中微生物群落的变化往往较为细微，而与耐药性相关的遗传因素的变化通常更为明显（漂移）。这些环境中耐药性的出现和持续存在促进了耐药基因跨越生态边界的传播，导致AMR更广泛地扩散。这些发现凸显了AMR复杂的、相互关联的本质，强调了迫切需要基于“同一健康”框架做出应对。此类方法对于保障公众和环境健康同时维持可持续的禽类生产实践至关重要。
