Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Marine sp. NBUD24-Derived Anthraquinones Against MRSA.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a global health crisis, with methicillin-resistant (MRSA) representing one of the most clinically significant multidrug-resistant pathogens. In this study, three structurally unique anthracycline derivatives-keto-ester (), 4-deoxy-ε-pyrromycinone (), and misamycin ()-were first isolated and characterized from the fermentation broth of the marine-derived NBUD24. These compounds exhibited notable antibacterial efficacy against MRSA, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 16 to 32 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed their safety profile at therapeutic concentrations. The biofilm formation assay demonstrated that 4-deoxy-ε-pyrromycinone inhibited biofilm formation of MRSA ATCC43300, with an inhibition rate of 64.4%. Investigations of antibacterial mechanisms revealed that these compounds exert antibacterial effects primarily through disruption of bacterial cell wall integrity and destruction of DNA structure. These findings underscore the potential of marine-derived microbial metabolites as promising scaffolds for developing next-generation antimicrobial candidates to combat drug-resistant infections.