Li Tian, Qiao Weidong, Zhou Jiehong, Hao Zhihui, Oliveri Conti Gea, Velkov Tony, Tang Shusheng, Shen Jianzhong, Dai Chongshan
State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Technology Innovation Center for Food Safety Surveillance and Detection (Hainan), Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China.
Toxics. 2025 Jul 26;13(8):625. doi: 10.3390/toxics13080625.
Mycotoxins represent a group of highly toxic secondary metabolites produced by diverse fungal pathogens. Mycotoxin contaminations frequently occur in foods and feed and pose significant risks to human and animal health due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and immunosuppressive properties. Notably, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins (mainly including fumonisins B1, B2, and FB3), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and T-2/HT-2 toxins are the major mycotoxin contaminants in foods and feed. Undoubtedly, exposure to these mycotoxins can disrupt gut health, particularly damaging the intestinal epithelium in humans and animals. In this review, we summarized the detrimental effects caused by these mycotoxins on the intestinal health of humans and animals. The fundamental molecular mechanisms, which cover the induction of inflammatory reaction and immune dysfunction, the breakdown of the intestinal barrier, the triggering of oxidative stress, and the intestinal microbiota imbalance, were explored. These signaling pathways, such as MAPK, Akt/mTOR, TNF, TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, PKA, NF-kB, NLRP3, AHR, TLR2, TLR4, IRE1/XBP1, Nrf2, and MLCK pathways, are implicated. The abnormal expression of micro-RNA also plays a critical role. Finally, we anticipate that this review can offer new perspectives and theoretical foundations for controlling intestinal health issues caused by mycotoxin contamination and promote the development of prevention and control products.
霉菌毒素是由多种真菌病原体产生的一组剧毒次生代谢产物。霉菌毒素污染在食品和饲料中经常发生，由于其致癌、致突变和免疫抑制特性，对人类和动物健康构成重大风险。值得注意的是，脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素（主要包括伏马毒素B1、B2和FB3）、黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）和T-2/HT-2毒素是食品和饲料中的主要霉菌毒素污染物。毫无疑问，接触这些霉菌毒素会破坏肠道健康，尤其会损害人类和动物的肠道上皮。在本综述中，我们总结了这些霉菌毒素对人类和动物肠道健康造成的有害影响。探讨了其基本分子机制，包括炎症反应和免疫功能障碍的诱导、肠道屏障的破坏、氧化应激的触发以及肠道微生物群失衡。涉及了丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）、蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（Akt/mTOR）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）、转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）、Wnt/β-连环蛋白、蛋白激酶A（PKA）、核因子-κB（NF-κB）、NOD样受体蛋白3（NLRP3）、芳烃受体（AHR）、Toll样受体2（TLR2）、Toll样受体4（TLR4）、肌醇需求酶1/X盒结合蛋白1（IRE1/XBP1）、核因子E2相关因子2（Nrf2）和肌球蛋白轻链激酶（MLCK）等信号通路。微小RNA的异常表达也起着关键作用。最后，我们期望本综述能够为控制霉菌毒素污染引起的肠道健康问题提供新的视角和理论基础，并促进预防和控制产品的开发。
