Multi-Parameter Analysis of Photosynthetic and Molecular Responses in Exposed to Silver Nanoparticles and Ions.

Due to widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), the assessment of their potential harm to microalgal photosynthesis is crucial, as microalgae, together with cyanobacteria, contribute to approximately 50% of global oxygen production. This study investigated photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence, and the expression of photosynthesis-related genes and proteins in green alga after 72 h exposure to citrate- and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-stabilized AgNPs, as well as silver ions (AgNO), at concentrations allowing 75% cell survival (EC). All treatments impaired photosynthetic performance. The most pronounced decreases in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic rate, alongside elevated energy dissipation, were observed after exposure to AgNP-CTAB and AgNO. AgNP-citrate had milder effects and induced compensatory responses, reflected in an increased performance index and upregulation of photosynthesis-related proteins. AgNP-CTAB induced the strongest downregulation of gene and protein expression, likely due to its higher EC concentration and cationic surface promoting interaction with photosynthetic structures. Although AgNO caused fewer molecular changes, it significantly disrupted photosynthetic function, suggesting a direct effect of Ag ions on photosynthesis-related proteins. Overall, the results highlight the role of AgNPs' surface coatings and dosage in determining their phytotoxicity, with photosystem disruption and oxidative stress emerging as key mechanisms of action.