CD4/CD8-p56 Induced T-Cell Receptor Signaling and Its Implications for Immunotherapy.

T-cells constitute an essential component of the adaptive immune response, mount a protective response against foreign pathogens and are important regulators of anti-tumor immunotherapy. In this context, the activation of T-cells and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T-cells is orchestrated by various signaling pathways, involving the initiation of a protein tyrosine phosphorylation cascade. For T-cells, this involves initiation of the phosphorylation cascade via -related protein-tyrosine kinase p56, which we show to associate with the co-receptors CD4 and CD8 for the induction of a phosphorylation cascade needed for the activation of T-cells. Likewise, p56 phosphorylation of the antigen receptor immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) and key CD28 tyrosine motifs ensures the functionality and the survival of CARs, while their phospho-targets are also inhibited by PD-1, a key component of the immune checkpoint blockade. This review covers historic and current elements of our knowledge of CD4/CD8-p56-induced activation events and their importance to the development of CAR T-cell immunotherapies.